A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... and 0.5% Triton X-100 for 4 –5 h at room temperature. Sections were then incubated in polyclonal antibody against NPY (1:1000; rabbit antineuropeptide Y; ImmunoStar; 22940), SOM (1:1000; rabbit anti-somatostatin; ImmunoStar; 20067), or NOS (1:1000; goat anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase; Abcam; Ab ...
... and 0.5% Triton X-100 for 4 –5 h at room temperature. Sections were then incubated in polyclonal antibody against NPY (1:1000; rabbit antineuropeptide Y; ImmunoStar; 22940), SOM (1:1000; rabbit anti-somatostatin; ImmunoStar; 20067), or NOS (1:1000; goat anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase; Abcam; Ab ...
Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... transients in retrogradely labeled snake vomeronasal (VN) neurons. A shows a video image illustrating the selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies ...
... transients in retrogradely labeled snake vomeronasal (VN) neurons. A shows a video image illustrating the selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies ...
THE SUBFORNICAL ORGAN AND AREA POSTREMA MEDIATE
... that control feeding and energy metabolism. Although a certain degree of fat storage is normal, the expansion of adipose tissue that occurs in obesity alters adipokine secretion which may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. The regulation of energy balance requires a complex interac ...
... that control feeding and energy metabolism. Although a certain degree of fat storage is normal, the expansion of adipose tissue that occurs in obesity alters adipokine secretion which may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. The regulation of energy balance requires a complex interac ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... processing principles in animal model systems serves as a starting point. Mice are a common choice for a model organism, because as mammals, their brain structure is reasonably similar to that of humans and their small body size makes them relatively easy to keep and breed. Additionally mice are acc ...
... processing principles in animal model systems serves as a starting point. Mice are a common choice for a model organism, because as mammals, their brain structure is reasonably similar to that of humans and their small body size makes them relatively easy to keep and breed. Additionally mice are acc ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
... maturation of descending control of spinal sensory circuitry in rats and hypothesise that descending serotonergic neurons in the RVM provide ongoing descending facilitation of spinal sensory networks in young animals. In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons i ...
... maturation of descending control of spinal sensory circuitry in rats and hypothesise that descending serotonergic neurons in the RVM provide ongoing descending facilitation of spinal sensory networks in young animals. In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons i ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... neurons in all central ganglia (150). Histamine induces excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials (216, 459) and modulations (109, 811) in a variety of follower cells (98). Histamine-containing somata and fibers are widespread in arthropod brains, with the most intense labeling in the retinal ph ...
... neurons in all central ganglia (150). Histamine induces excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials (216, 459) and modulations (109, 811) in a variety of follower cells (98). Histamine-containing somata and fibers are widespread in arthropod brains, with the most intense labeling in the retinal ph ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... Chapter 3 describes the most recent work, in which the focus has been on how this process develops. Neurons in the brain do not integrate cues "by default"; rather, multisensory integration capabilities must be developed postnatally. This development is contingent on experience with cross-modal cues ...
... Chapter 3 describes the most recent work, in which the focus has been on how this process develops. Neurons in the brain do not integrate cues "by default"; rather, multisensory integration capabilities must be developed postnatally. This development is contingent on experience with cross-modal cues ...
Mechanisms of Leptin Action and Leptin Resistance
... LRb is crucial for leptin action. Indeed, the originally described db/db mice lack LRb (but not other LR forms) as a consequence of a mutation that causes missplicing of the LRb mRNA; these mice closely resemble db3J /db3J mice (which are deficient in all LR isoforms) and leptin-deficient ob/ob animal ...
... LRb is crucial for leptin action. Indeed, the originally described db/db mice lack LRb (but not other LR forms) as a consequence of a mutation that causes missplicing of the LRb mRNA; these mice closely resemble db3J /db3J mice (which are deficient in all LR isoforms) and leptin-deficient ob/ob animal ...
elsevier second proof - Michigan State University
... subunits that are expressed in few other tissues; when stimulated, the G-protein activates type III adenylyl cyclase (Nakamura, 2000; Ronnett and Moon, 2002). The details of olfactory transduction are well understood for only a small number of vertebrate species, and involve myriad mechanisms (Fires ...
... subunits that are expressed in few other tissues; when stimulated, the G-protein activates type III adenylyl cyclase (Nakamura, 2000; Ronnett and Moon, 2002). The details of olfactory transduction are well understood for only a small number of vertebrate species, and involve myriad mechanisms (Fires ...
Behavioural Brain Research Ventral pallidum roles in reward and
... in reward that often accompanied aphagia-producing lesions: the loss of acceptance or positive hedonic reactions to the taste of palatable food (such as tongue protrusions and lip licking), and replacement by active aversion reactions (such as gapes or headshakes). In the late 1970s, studies by Scha ...
... in reward that often accompanied aphagia-producing lesions: the loss of acceptance or positive hedonic reactions to the taste of palatable food (such as tongue protrusions and lip licking), and replacement by active aversion reactions (such as gapes or headshakes). In the late 1970s, studies by Scha ...
Myelin and White Matter
... the neuroglia type, but no cell bodies of neurons. The axons it contains originate from neuronal cell bodies in gray matter structures. There are two main types of macroglia in the white matter: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Among the many putative functions of glial cells, it is proposed that th ...
... the neuroglia type, but no cell bodies of neurons. The axons it contains originate from neuronal cell bodies in gray matter structures. There are two main types of macroglia in the white matter: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Among the many putative functions of glial cells, it is proposed that th ...
Anatomy & Physiology I
... Classification by microscopic appearance Free nerve endings – Bare dendrites – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity ...
... Classification by microscopic appearance Free nerve endings – Bare dendrites – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... et al. 1991; Bajwa et al. 1992) but it remained unknown whether they contribute to movements mediated by commissural interneurons activated by contralaterally descending reticulospinal neurons. Specifically we aimed at investigating whether excitatory and inhibitory commissural interneurons mediatin ...
... et al. 1991; Bajwa et al. 1992) but it remained unknown whether they contribute to movements mediated by commissural interneurons activated by contralaterally descending reticulospinal neurons. Specifically we aimed at investigating whether excitatory and inhibitory commissural interneurons mediatin ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... does not appear to require ATP; however, priming them for subsequent release is an ATP-dependent process (Yao and Bajjalieh, 2008; Verhage and Sørensen, 2008). Following release, dissociation of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex is an ATP-depen ...
... does not appear to require ATP; however, priming them for subsequent release is an ATP-dependent process (Yao and Bajjalieh, 2008; Verhage and Sørensen, 2008). Following release, dissociation of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex is an ATP-depen ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... the term neonate, with regard to expression of specific neuronal maturational proteins, synaptogenesis, myelination, and postnatal involution of the olfactory ventricular recess from the lateral ventricle (Sarnat and Yu, 2016). The olfactory epithelium of the upper respiratory cavities also remains i ...
... the term neonate, with regard to expression of specific neuronal maturational proteins, synaptogenesis, myelination, and postnatal involution of the olfactory ventricular recess from the lateral ventricle (Sarnat and Yu, 2016). The olfactory epithelium of the upper respiratory cavities also remains i ...
Enteric Glia - Department of Physiology
... “second brain,” known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), resides within the walls of the intestines and controls the ongoing activities of the gastrointestinal tract. The entire circuitry of the ENS is embedded in the gut wall and consists of aggregates of neurons and glia called enteric ganglia t ...
... “second brain,” known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), resides within the walls of the intestines and controls the ongoing activities of the gastrointestinal tract. The entire circuitry of the ENS is embedded in the gut wall and consists of aggregates of neurons and glia called enteric ganglia t ...
Neural Control - International Continence Society
... Figure 3. Diagram showing neural circuits controlling continence and micturition. (A) Urine storage reflexes. During the storage of urine, distention of the bladder produces low level vesical afferent firing, which in turn stimulates (1) the sympathetic outflow to the bladder outlet (base and urethr ...
... Figure 3. Diagram showing neural circuits controlling continence and micturition. (A) Urine storage reflexes. During the storage of urine, distention of the bladder produces low level vesical afferent firing, which in turn stimulates (1) the sympathetic outflow to the bladder outlet (base and urethr ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to m ...
... more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to m ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... emotion-related learning, respectively). v 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: anterograde tracer, emotion, hypothalamus, anterior cortical amygdalar nucleus ...
... emotion-related learning, respectively). v 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: anterograde tracer, emotion, hypothalamus, anterior cortical amygdalar nucleus ...
Neural correlates of stimulus–response and response–outcome
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... the hypothesis of a complex spatiotemporal coding of behavioral adaptation by dACC, and suggest that dACC signals are unlikely to be decoded by a neural integrator. Second, we further investigated the impact of dACC temporal signals on the downstream decoder by developing mean- eld equations to anal ...
... the hypothesis of a complex spatiotemporal coding of behavioral adaptation by dACC, and suggest that dACC signals are unlikely to be decoded by a neural integrator. Second, we further investigated the impact of dACC temporal signals on the downstream decoder by developing mean- eld equations to anal ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
... Sensory information is modified as it passesthrough the many layers of neurons in local circuits and can even be modified within the terminals of the sensory neurons themselves,by meansof presynaptic inhibition. Presynaptic inhibition alters the ability of an action potential to causetransmitter rel ...
... Sensory information is modified as it passesthrough the many layers of neurons in local circuits and can even be modified within the terminals of the sensory neurons themselves,by meansof presynaptic inhibition. Presynaptic inhibition alters the ability of an action potential to causetransmitter rel ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... nuclei (particularly massive to SNc and STN). PPN receives massive GABAergic inputs from basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi, SNr) and from STN. Cholinergic neurons in PPN undergo massive degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. ...
... nuclei (particularly massive to SNc and STN). PPN receives massive GABAergic inputs from basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi, SNr) and from STN. Cholinergic neurons in PPN undergo massive degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. ...
Session 230 IOP Measurement and characterization I
... Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME; 2The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD. Purpose: The nervous system is important in controlling intraocular pressure (IOP), however the precise mechanisms of neural control need further evaluation. The mouse enables functional experiments and so we ...
... Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME; 2The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD. Purpose: The nervous system is important in controlling intraocular pressure (IOP), however the precise mechanisms of neural control need further evaluation. The mouse enables functional experiments and so we ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
... responses in which an SPN action potential occurred for nearly every RVLM stimulus were attained at a mean current of 225 A. Splanchnic SPNs, which would include those with axons in the adrenal nerve, were previously divided into four groups on the basis of the patterns and latencies of their respo ...
... responses in which an SPN action potential occurred for nearly every RVLM stimulus were attained at a mean current of 225 A. Splanchnic SPNs, which would include those with axons in the adrenal nerve, were previously divided into four groups on the basis of the patterns and latencies of their respo ...