Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... neurons via two pathways: Ca2⫹ release from IP3-sensitive intracellular stores and, to a lesser extent, Ca2⫹ influx through the plasma membrane. Both components seem to be dependent on IP3 production. Chemoattractants evoke a short-latency Ca2⫹ elevation even in the absence of extracellular Ca2⫹, su ...
... neurons via two pathways: Ca2⫹ release from IP3-sensitive intracellular stores and, to a lesser extent, Ca2⫹ influx through the plasma membrane. Both components seem to be dependent on IP3 production. Chemoattractants evoke a short-latency Ca2⫹ elevation even in the absence of extracellular Ca2⫹, su ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... Activity-dependent modification of synaptic transmission critically moulds the properties of synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy ...
... Activity-dependent modification of synaptic transmission critically moulds the properties of synaptic information transfer with important implications for computation performed by neuronal circuitry [1-4]. Multiple mechanisms could coexist in the same synapse, regulating the strength or the efficacy ...
Volume 11 Issue R7 Hand:Peripheral Nerves and Upper Extremity
... thoracic outlet known as the brachial plexus (Fig. 6).13 The brachial plexus consists of spinal nerve roots (C5-T1), trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches. Several branches are given off at various points in the plexus, and knowledge of their anatomic location is essential in clinical asse ...
... thoracic outlet known as the brachial plexus (Fig. 6).13 The brachial plexus consists of spinal nerve roots (C5-T1), trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches. Several branches are given off at various points in the plexus, and knowledge of their anatomic location is essential in clinical asse ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... The posterior group nucleus of the thalamus (PO) is in a key position of the whisker sensory system. In addition to being part of the ascending paralemniscal pathway it is mainly driven by somatosensory barrel cortex (BC) and projects to many cortical and subcortical areas. Due to its poor excitabil ...
... The posterior group nucleus of the thalamus (PO) is in a key position of the whisker sensory system. In addition to being part of the ascending paralemniscal pathway it is mainly driven by somatosensory barrel cortex (BC) and projects to many cortical and subcortical areas. Due to its poor excitabil ...
A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... The neostriatum is composed almost entirely of GABAergic neurons. The vast majority of these are the spiny projection neurons (SPNs) that make up ⬃95% of the rodent striatum (Graveland and DiFiglia, 1985; Gerfen and Wilson, 1996). The remaining neurons consist of cholinergic interneurons, and severa ...
... The neostriatum is composed almost entirely of GABAergic neurons. The vast majority of these are the spiny projection neurons (SPNs) that make up ⬃95% of the rodent striatum (Graveland and DiFiglia, 1985; Gerfen and Wilson, 1996). The remaining neurons consist of cholinergic interneurons, and severa ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
... of spinal sensory networks in young animals. In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons in regions of the brainstem which receive sensory inputs from the dorsal horn at P4; eight days before noxious-evoked neuronal activation in descending modulatory nuclei. In ...
... of spinal sensory networks in young animals. In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons in regions of the brainstem which receive sensory inputs from the dorsal horn at P4; eight days before noxious-evoked neuronal activation in descending modulatory nuclei. In ...
Control of Extracellular Dopamine at Dendrite and Axon Terminals
... course of dopamine release from axonal terminals in the dorsal striatum and dendritic terminals in the VTA. A single stimulus evoked release of dopamine in both the VTA and dorsal striatum (Fig. 1 A, B). The amount of dopamine released in the midbrain was far less than that in the striatum (VTA: 47 ...
... course of dopamine release from axonal terminals in the dorsal striatum and dendritic terminals in the VTA. A single stimulus evoked release of dopamine in both the VTA and dorsal striatum (Fig. 1 A, B). The amount of dopamine released in the midbrain was far less than that in the striatum (VTA: 47 ...
Document
... conducted with the assistance of IBM in Lausanne. The project is based on the premise that it is possible to artificially link the neurons "in the computer" by placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than ex ...
... conducted with the assistance of IBM in Lausanne. The project is based on the premise that it is possible to artificially link the neurons "in the computer" by placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than ex ...
Anatomy & Physiology I
... Classification by microscopic appearance Free nerve endings – Bare dendrites – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity ...
... Classification by microscopic appearance Free nerve endings – Bare dendrites – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... one of the latter experiments, number 28 (Figs. 1 and 2), will be described in detail because the injection was restricted to the BMAp, and because the projection pattern is typical of those labeled in other experiments with an injection in the BMAp. Other injections labeled projections that can be ...
... one of the latter experiments, number 28 (Figs. 1 and 2), will be described in detail because the injection was restricted to the BMAp, and because the projection pattern is typical of those labeled in other experiments with an injection in the BMAp. Other injections labeled projections that can be ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
Thomas C. Südhof - Nobel Lecture Slides
... botulinum toxins (C. Montecucco + R. Jahn laboratories; 1992/1993) 2. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin form a complex, known as SNARE complex (J. Rothman laboratory; 1993) 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 and Sec1p, proteins known to be essential for C. elegans movements and ...
... botulinum toxins (C. Montecucco + R. Jahn laboratories; 1992/1993) 2. Synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin form a complex, known as SNARE complex (J. Rothman laboratory; 1993) 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 and Sec1p, proteins known to be essential for C. elegans movements and ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... wished to prove an unorthodox concept of ACh release, they needed an ultrasensitive ACh measurement method to prove their point and developed chemiluminescense to meet this need (Israel and Lesbats, 1981; Israel et al., 1990; see next section). Today, this method is widely used in industry as it all ...
... wished to prove an unorthodox concept of ACh release, they needed an ultrasensitive ACh measurement method to prove their point and developed chemiluminescense to meet this need (Israel and Lesbats, 1981; Israel et al., 1990; see next section). Today, this method is widely used in industry as it all ...
Neural Control - International Continence Society
... categories of evidence, e.g. uncontrolled studies, inadequate statistical support, anecdotal information, hypothesis or speculation will be referred to as such. Of some importance in this field are species differences, and efforts have been made to make it very clear when each new topic is introduce ...
... categories of evidence, e.g. uncontrolled studies, inadequate statistical support, anecdotal information, hypothesis or speculation will be referred to as such. Of some importance in this field are species differences, and efforts have been made to make it very clear when each new topic is introduce ...
Some Fiber Projections to the Superior Colliculus in the Cat`
... Fiber projections from the pulvinar In a single animal a large lesion was produced in the right pulvinar. The lesion destroyed a large part of the dorsal and rostra1 portions of the pulvinar; its more caudal and ventral parts were less affected. The lateral geniculate body and other adjacent diencep ...
... Fiber projections from the pulvinar In a single animal a large lesion was produced in the right pulvinar. The lesion destroyed a large part of the dorsal and rostra1 portions of the pulvinar; its more caudal and ventral parts were less affected. The lateral geniculate body and other adjacent diencep ...
Organization of the Olfactory and Respiratory Skeleton in the Nose
... warms and humidifies inspired air, recovers moisture as air is exhaled, and may help mediate brain temperature. In contrast, the olfactory skeleton functions as a series of small funnels that support growth of new olfactory neurons throughout life. Olfactory mucosa lines the mouth of each funnel, fo ...
... warms and humidifies inspired air, recovers moisture as air is exhaled, and may help mediate brain temperature. In contrast, the olfactory skeleton functions as a series of small funnels that support growth of new olfactory neurons throughout life. Olfactory mucosa lines the mouth of each funnel, fo ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... Synaptic glomeruli exhibit less synaptophysin expression at 16 weeks than at older gestational ages; all are reactive by term. Calretinin, by contrast, is not yet expressed in most of the synaptic glomeruli at mid-gestation, but is strong in the primary olfactory nerve axons forming layer 1 (Sarnat ...
... Synaptic glomeruli exhibit less synaptophysin expression at 16 weeks than at older gestational ages; all are reactive by term. Calretinin, by contrast, is not yet expressed in most of the synaptic glomeruli at mid-gestation, but is strong in the primary olfactory nerve axons forming layer 1 (Sarnat ...
The dynamic cytoskeleton: backbone of dendritic spine plasticity
... and turned over relatively slowly (2–15 min). The increase in this pool of actin was necessary but not sufficient for a long-term increase in spine size, as it was also dependent on the confinement of the pool by the spine neck. Using a barbed-end polymerization assay and FRAP analysis another study ...
... and turned over relatively slowly (2–15 min). The increase in this pool of actin was necessary but not sufficient for a long-term increase in spine size, as it was also dependent on the confinement of the pool by the spine neck. Using a barbed-end polymerization assay and FRAP analysis another study ...
Read as PDF
... pivot point. To attach the SRT to the lever, one end of a piece of string was tied to the SRT. The other end of the string had a loop that was hooked over a metal hook on one end of the lever. This preparation was used in experiments in which SRT contractions were monitored and in some experiments i ...
... pivot point. To attach the SRT to the lever, one end of a piece of string was tied to the SRT. The other end of the string had a loop that was hooked over a metal hook on one end of the lever. This preparation was used in experiments in which SRT contractions were monitored and in some experiments i ...
Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals
... Glia is one of the two types of cells in the nervous system. Glia have several functions including holding the functioning neurons together, protecting them, and regulating neuron function. Glia cells vary in shape and size. Can you name the three main types of support cells in the central nervous s ...
... Glia is one of the two types of cells in the nervous system. Glia have several functions including holding the functioning neurons together, protecting them, and regulating neuron function. Glia cells vary in shape and size. Can you name the three main types of support cells in the central nervous s ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
![[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003492398_1-2708bc56966b4cab721b0073b5bc49ec-300x300.png)
[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the
... Glutamate-mediated rises in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) are of the ultimate importance for neuronal excitability (Nakanishi, 1992; Berridge, 1998); they also play a crucial role in the outgrowth of dendrites and axons, neuronal differentiation, synaptic remodeling and plasticity (Col ...
... Glutamate-mediated rises in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) are of the ultimate importance for neuronal excitability (Nakanishi, 1992; Berridge, 1998); they also play a crucial role in the outgrowth of dendrites and axons, neuronal differentiation, synaptic remodeling and plasticity (Col ...
Fine structural analysis of extraocular muscle spindles of a
... roprioception from human extraocular muscles (EOM) is thought to play an important role in the development of a normal binocular vision.1 Several reports attribute increasing importance to proprioceptive input from EOMs within the oculomotor system.2"'' In humans, muscle spindles are accepted to be ...
... roprioception from human extraocular muscles (EOM) is thought to play an important role in the development of a normal binocular vision.1 Several reports attribute increasing importance to proprioceptive input from EOMs within the oculomotor system.2"'' In humans, muscle spindles are accepted to be ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.