The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... in stimulus intensity were used in order to recruit individual ...
... in stimulus intensity were used in order to recruit individual ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
Response Properties of Neighboring Neurons in the
... electrophysiological technique, tetrode recordings. Tetrodes have four closely spaced recording sites (<20µm) which record multi-unit activity from a small number of neighboring neurons. The recorded signals contain action potentials originating from more than one neuron. Based on action potential w ...
... electrophysiological technique, tetrode recordings. Tetrodes have four closely spaced recording sites (<20µm) which record multi-unit activity from a small number of neighboring neurons. The recorded signals contain action potentials originating from more than one neuron. Based on action potential w ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... nervous system generates a large repertoire of motor sequences, coordinate limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment while adapting to a myriad of sensory cues remains a central question in the field of systems neuroscience. The work presented here aims to understand how local senso ...
... nervous system generates a large repertoire of motor sequences, coordinate limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment while adapting to a myriad of sensory cues remains a central question in the field of systems neuroscience. The work presented here aims to understand how local senso ...
CRANIAL NERVES: Functional Anatomy
... Central means brain and spinal cord – the central nervous system (CNS). The central/peripheral boundary is at the margin of the brain and spinal cord, and not at the skull foramen through which the nerve passes. Thus, components of peripheral nerves, such as sensory ganglia and Schwann cells, may be ...
... Central means brain and spinal cord – the central nervous system (CNS). The central/peripheral boundary is at the margin of the brain and spinal cord, and not at the skull foramen through which the nerve passes. Thus, components of peripheral nerves, such as sensory ganglia and Schwann cells, may be ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... and white matter, the position of the injection site, labeled neurons and axon terminals was produced. Injection sites were defined as the large aggregate of densely labeled cell bodies, dendrites and axons at the terminus of the injection needle track. HRP-labeled neurons were identified by the pre ...
... and white matter, the position of the injection site, labeled neurons and axon terminals was produced. Injection sites were defined as the large aggregate of densely labeled cell bodies, dendrites and axons at the terminus of the injection needle track. HRP-labeled neurons were identified by the pre ...
A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system
... While studies of Cdc20–APC and Cdh1–APC have occupied the leading edge of cell cycle research since its identification in the mid 1990s, early clues suggested that the anaphase-promoting complex might also have functions in post-mitotic tissues beyond the control of the cell cycle. Components of Cdh ...
... While studies of Cdc20–APC and Cdh1–APC have occupied the leading edge of cell cycle research since its identification in the mid 1990s, early clues suggested that the anaphase-promoting complex might also have functions in post-mitotic tissues beyond the control of the cell cycle. Components of Cdh ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
The Nervous System: Spinal Nerves
... indicates the anatomical organization of sensory tracts in the posterior white column for comparison with the organization of motor nuclei in the anterior gray horn. Note that both sensory and motor components of the spinal cord have a definite regional organization. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... indicates the anatomical organization of sensory tracts in the posterior white column for comparison with the organization of motor nuclei in the anterior gray horn. Note that both sensory and motor components of the spinal cord have a definite regional organization. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... Neuronal cell death programmes are counteracted by survival signals during development in order to maintain the tissue homeostasis. Neuronal differentiation is a mechanism generating functionally integrated neuronal cells from their progenitors. These processes appear to be mediated via activation o ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... mPFC excitatory projections to the VTA. These synapses primarily connect to GABAergic interneurons, but also to mesocortical DA neurons (Carr and Sesack, 2000; Geisler et al., 2007). In contrast, the ILCx sends only about 10% of the prefrontal excitatory projections to the VTA (Geisler et al., 2007) ...
... mPFC excitatory projections to the VTA. These synapses primarily connect to GABAergic interneurons, but also to mesocortical DA neurons (Carr and Sesack, 2000; Geisler et al., 2007). In contrast, the ILCx sends only about 10% of the prefrontal excitatory projections to the VTA (Geisler et al., 2007) ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... the LGN that is often promoted as the prototype dorsal thalamic nucleus (e.g. Sherman and Guillery, 2004). The LGN is that thalamic structure that receives from the retina and projects to visual cortex. Because the LGN neurons projecting to cortex are also retinal-recipient, because the retina drive ...
... the LGN that is often promoted as the prototype dorsal thalamic nucleus (e.g. Sherman and Guillery, 2004). The LGN is that thalamic structure that receives from the retina and projects to visual cortex. Because the LGN neurons projecting to cortex are also retinal-recipient, because the retina drive ...
Spinal Cord - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
... • Descending tracts deliver motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord • Divided into two groups – Pyramidal, or corticospinal, tracts – Indirect pathways, essentially all others ...
... • Descending tracts deliver motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord • Divided into two groups – Pyramidal, or corticospinal, tracts – Indirect pathways, essentially all others ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... quadrant (TQ, black column) (Nf19a–/9a–: n = 15, P = 0.6; WT: n = 14, P o0.001, paired t-test between target and average of other quadrants). Bars represent target, adjacent right, opposite, and adjacent left quadrants, respectively. The heat-plots are a visual representation of all search tracks, i ...
... quadrant (TQ, black column) (Nf19a–/9a–: n = 15, P = 0.6; WT: n = 14, P o0.001, paired t-test between target and average of other quadrants). Bars represent target, adjacent right, opposite, and adjacent left quadrants, respectively. The heat-plots are a visual representation of all search tracks, i ...
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle
... and caudally to the mid-brain central gray along the same pathway as the LHRH neurons (19). Projection to mid-brain central gray suggests the possibility that lGnRH-III may be involved in mating behavior, in that this is the area that LHRH activates to induce mating behavior. The function of the cau ...
... and caudally to the mid-brain central gray along the same pathway as the LHRH neurons (19). Projection to mid-brain central gray suggests the possibility that lGnRH-III may be involved in mating behavior, in that this is the area that LHRH activates to induce mating behavior. The function of the cau ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... serotonin (Hurley and Pollak 2001). The modulation in many neurons is complex, in that serotonin can facilitate or depress the responses to some frequencies in the cell’s tuning curve while leaving the responses evoked by other frequencies unaffected. Based on these previous findings, it seems likely ...
... serotonin (Hurley and Pollak 2001). The modulation in many neurons is complex, in that serotonin can facilitate or depress the responses to some frequencies in the cell’s tuning curve while leaving the responses evoked by other frequencies unaffected. Based on these previous findings, it seems likely ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... the activity of many neurons was linearly correlated with the reward probability indicated by the CSs. ...
... the activity of many neurons was linearly correlated with the reward probability indicated by the CSs. ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... Taste is one of the fundamental senses by which animals can detect food sources (sugars, salts, lipids, amino acids) but also noxious compounds dissolved in aqueous solution or adsorbed on surfaces (leaf, cuticle). Unlike olfaction, where only cephalic organs are involved in the detection of volatil ...
... Taste is one of the fundamental senses by which animals can detect food sources (sugars, salts, lipids, amino acids) but also noxious compounds dissolved in aqueous solution or adsorbed on surfaces (leaf, cuticle). Unlike olfaction, where only cephalic organs are involved in the detection of volatil ...
- TestbankU
... 37. The strength of the brain’s response to a weak or strong stimulus is a result of _____ a) how many and how fast neurons fire. b) the all or none rule. c) how many millivolts the neuron has. d) whether action potential occurs. Answer: a The all or none rule states that neurons either fire or don ...
... 37. The strength of the brain’s response to a weak or strong stimulus is a result of _____ a) how many and how fast neurons fire. b) the all or none rule. c) how many millivolts the neuron has. d) whether action potential occurs. Answer: a The all or none rule states that neurons either fire or don ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... The value of a reward expected from a successful behavior is important for the purposeful organization of goal-directed behavior (Dickinson and Balleine, 1994; Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). High reward values provide incentives for initiating behavior (Matsumoto and Tanaka, 2004), bias decision mak ...
... The value of a reward expected from a successful behavior is important for the purposeful organization of goal-directed behavior (Dickinson and Balleine, 1994; Balleine and Dickinson, 1998). High reward values provide incentives for initiating behavior (Matsumoto and Tanaka, 2004), bias decision mak ...
Preview Sample 3
... Her _________ nervous system is active. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. autosympathetic d. somatic Answer: d Page: 62 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty: Basic APA Goal: Outcome 1.2 45. With respect to its potential basis in nervous system activity, “voodoo death” has been attributed to: ...
... Her _________ nervous system is active. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. autosympathetic d. somatic Answer: d Page: 62 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application Difficulty: Basic APA Goal: Outcome 1.2 45. With respect to its potential basis in nervous system activity, “voodoo death” has been attributed to: ...
1 - TEST BANK 360
... 33. The brain and the spinal cord constitute the _________ nervous system. a. central b. peripheral c. primary d. autonomic Answer: a Page: 60 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA Goal: Outcome 1.2 34. Automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli are termed: a. action potentials b. condi ...
... 33. The brain and the spinal cord constitute the _________ nervous system. a. central b. peripheral c. primary d. autonomic Answer: a Page: 60 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic APA Goal: Outcome 1.2 34. Automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli are termed: a. action potentials b. condi ...
Table of Contents
... Electrophysiological recordings from Ascaris by del Castillo demonstrated that GABA application inhibits body muscles by opening chloride channels (Del Castillo et al., 1963). It is now known that these actions of GABA ...
... Electrophysiological recordings from Ascaris by del Castillo demonstrated that GABA application inhibits body muscles by opening chloride channels (Del Castillo et al., 1963). It is now known that these actions of GABA ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... The brain contains approximately one trillion (1012 ) neurons that are located in different brain regions. Within each region, neurons are connected to each other to form neural circuits of bewildering complexity. To function in such circuits, each neuron must receive and process information enterin ...
... The brain contains approximately one trillion (1012 ) neurons that are located in different brain regions. Within each region, neurons are connected to each other to form neural circuits of bewildering complexity. To function in such circuits, each neuron must receive and process information enterin ...
Probing electrical signals in the retina via graphene
... ONH during photocurrent recording.27 As demonstrated in Fig. 1D, a CTB-labeled (red) whole retina was placed on top of graphene transistors, where the dark regions are opaque gold electrode arrays. The fluorescence image presents the structure of the RGC layer. All the axons of RGCs from different pa ...
... ONH during photocurrent recording.27 As demonstrated in Fig. 1D, a CTB-labeled (red) whole retina was placed on top of graphene transistors, where the dark regions are opaque gold electrode arrays. The fluorescence image presents the structure of the RGC layer. All the axons of RGCs from different pa ...
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.