Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... which NTS neurons are involved or what mechanisms are responsible. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are good candidates for GI integration, because disruption of the POMC gene leads to severe obesity and hyperphagia. Here, we used POMC– enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to ...
... which NTS neurons are involved or what mechanisms are responsible. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are good candidates for GI integration, because disruption of the POMC gene leads to severe obesity and hyperphagia. Here, we used POMC– enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to ...
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice
... (Arsenault and Zhang, 2006); innervation of a single lemniscal fiber to a mature V2 VPM neuron is completed via developmental synapse elimination (Arsenault and Zhang, 2006; Takeuchi et al., 2014). We have previously demonstrated that complete transection of the primary whisker sensory nerve of mice ...
... (Arsenault and Zhang, 2006); innervation of a single lemniscal fiber to a mature V2 VPM neuron is completed via developmental synapse elimination (Arsenault and Zhang, 2006; Takeuchi et al., 2014). We have previously demonstrated that complete transection of the primary whisker sensory nerve of mice ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... showed that GR neurons utilize the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel to sense glucose. That is, similar to the pancreatic b-cell, rising glucose levels increase the intracellular ATP to ADP ratio and close the KATP channel. This depolarizes the b-cell and activates voltage-sensitive calcium channels t ...
... showed that GR neurons utilize the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel to sense glucose. That is, similar to the pancreatic b-cell, rising glucose levels increase the intracellular ATP to ADP ratio and close the KATP channel. This depolarizes the b-cell and activates voltage-sensitive calcium channels t ...
Seventeen
... the centrifugal fibers. Other dendrites form dendrodgndritic synapses with mitral cell dendrites. Sorne of these synaptic arrangements are shown irr Figure 77 -2.The complex circuitry of the olfactory bulb recalls that of the retina and indicates thiat, as is the case with visual images, ...
... the centrifugal fibers. Other dendrites form dendrodgndritic synapses with mitral cell dendrites. Sorne of these synaptic arrangements are shown irr Figure 77 -2.The complex circuitry of the olfactory bulb recalls that of the retina and indicates thiat, as is the case with visual images, ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... 1982 (Olszewski and Baxter, 1982), it is considered a part of the reticular activating system and, as a reticular structure, it has been argued that PPN has no clear boundaries. One of the main characteristics of neurons of the PPN is their long-range axonal projections, reaching numerous targets ac ...
... 1982 (Olszewski and Baxter, 1982), it is considered a part of the reticular activating system and, as a reticular structure, it has been argued that PPN has no clear boundaries. One of the main characteristics of neurons of the PPN is their long-range axonal projections, reaching numerous targets ac ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how the brain encodes and processes information and how the networks and structures involved are formed. In this thesis, we use theoretical approaches to further our understanding of brain function. First, we investigate how experimentally-based le ...
... A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how the brain encodes and processes information and how the networks and structures involved are formed. In this thesis, we use theoretical approaches to further our understanding of brain function. First, we investigate how experimentally-based le ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... states as well as feeding behavior. This review summarizes recent relevant findings on orexins, and discusses physiological roles of these peptides. ...
... states as well as feeding behavior. This review summarizes recent relevant findings on orexins, and discusses physiological roles of these peptides. ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... In MVe, most of the labeled neurons were concentrated in the magnocellular part (MVeMC); only a small number of neurons were located in the parvicellular part (MVePC). Trigeminal nucleus A few labeled neurons were found in the dorsomedial (Pr5DM) and ventrolateral (Pr5VL) parts of the principal sens ...
... In MVe, most of the labeled neurons were concentrated in the magnocellular part (MVeMC); only a small number of neurons were located in the parvicellular part (MVePC). Trigeminal nucleus A few labeled neurons were found in the dorsomedial (Pr5DM) and ventrolateral (Pr5VL) parts of the principal sens ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... 1987; Miazaki et al., 1999). Incubation of brain stem slices (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures) with GO significantly increased the AMPA/NMDA ratio measured in NTS neurons (from 2.1 ± 0.2, n = 11, to 3.3 ± 0.3, n = 8; p < 0.05; Figure S3), indicating that ambient glycine modulates NMDARs in ...
... 1987; Miazaki et al., 1999). Incubation of brain stem slices (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures) with GO significantly increased the AMPA/NMDA ratio measured in NTS neurons (from 2.1 ± 0.2, n = 11, to 3.3 ± 0.3, n = 8; p < 0.05; Figure S3), indicating that ambient glycine modulates NMDARs in ...
Chapter 9 The Nervous System
... • Motor neurons: conduct impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands; also called efferent neurons • Interneurons: conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; also called central or connecting neurons ...
... • Motor neurons: conduct impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands; also called efferent neurons • Interneurons: conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; also called central or connecting neurons ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... rebound depolarization, which generates a single spike, restores rhythmic spiking and/or generates a burst of activity (Fig. 2g,h) [63]. Multiple IPSPs can also reduce and/or prevent action-potential generation (Fig. 2f) [63]. The pattern and rate of inhibitory input are, therefore, crucial in deter ...
... rebound depolarization, which generates a single spike, restores rhythmic spiking and/or generates a burst of activity (Fig. 2g,h) [63]. Multiple IPSPs can also reduce and/or prevent action-potential generation (Fig. 2f) [63]. The pattern and rate of inhibitory input are, therefore, crucial in deter ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... extracellular solution (0Mg); (4) focal application of bicuculline to a single cortical hemisphere. Significant increases in the number of epileptiform events, as well as increases in the ratio of bilateral events to unilateral events, are observed during bath applications of bicuculline, but not du ...
... extracellular solution (0Mg); (4) focal application of bicuculline to a single cortical hemisphere. Significant increases in the number of epileptiform events, as well as increases in the ratio of bilateral events to unilateral events, are observed during bath applications of bicuculline, but not du ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... until recently, this has been technically impossible to do in vivo, because electrophysiological recording techniques cannot densely probe neurons at this spatial resolution, while optical techniques to monitor neural physiology have been limited to use at the surface of the tissue. Recently, this h ...
... until recently, this has been technically impossible to do in vivo, because electrophysiological recording techniques cannot densely probe neurons at this spatial resolution, while optical techniques to monitor neural physiology have been limited to use at the surface of the tissue. Recently, this h ...
the resonate-and-fire neuron: time dependent and frequency
... Let us begin by considering the morphology of a typical nerve cell, along with the general approach utilized to model the various electrophysiological aspects of neurons. Panel (A) in figure 1.1 depicts the various specialized cellular processes that characterizes nerve cells, and panel (B) represen ...
... Let us begin by considering the morphology of a typical nerve cell, along with the general approach utilized to model the various electrophysiological aspects of neurons. Panel (A) in figure 1.1 depicts the various specialized cellular processes that characterizes nerve cells, and panel (B) represen ...
Chapter 9 The Nervous System
... • Motor neurons: conduct impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands; also called efferent neurons • Interneurons: conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; also called central or connecting neurons ...
... • Motor neurons: conduct impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands; also called efferent neurons • Interneurons: conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; also called central or connecting neurons ...
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). The oscillation score is defined as the ratio between the peak ...
... responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). The oscillation score is defined as the ratio between the peak ...
Autonomic nervous system
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... eLife digest Most behaviors occur only under specific circumstances: we eat when we are hungry, for example. But how does the nervous system decide when to start or stop a particular behavior? Molecules called neuropeptides are thought to play a key role in these decisions. Neuropeptides are produce ...
... eLife digest Most behaviors occur only under specific circumstances: we eat when we are hungry, for example. But how does the nervous system decide when to start or stop a particular behavior? Molecules called neuropeptides are thought to play a key role in these decisions. Neuropeptides are produce ...
Autonomic nervous system
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... using the rat IMG as a model of synaptic transmission to test the hypothesis that the safety factor (i.e., the tendency for a preganglionic action potential to evoke an action potential in a postganglionic neuron) is increased in DOCA-salt HT. Intracellular recordings of IMG neurons with concurrent ...
... using the rat IMG as a model of synaptic transmission to test the hypothesis that the safety factor (i.e., the tendency for a preganglionic action potential to evoke an action potential in a postganglionic neuron) is increased in DOCA-salt HT. Intracellular recordings of IMG neurons with concurrent ...
Disentanglement of local field potential sources by independent
... open set (e.g., CA1 region). It is noteworthy that due to the intrinsic ambiguity of ICA, Vk(x) is defined up to a factor, i. e., if Vk(x) is a loading then αVk(z) (∀α∈R, α≠0) is an equivalent loading. Indeed, any scalar multiplayer α in the loading Vk(x) can always be canceled by dividing the corre ...
... open set (e.g., CA1 region). It is noteworthy that due to the intrinsic ambiguity of ICA, Vk(x) is defined up to a factor, i. e., if Vk(x) is a loading then αVk(z) (∀α∈R, α≠0) is an equivalent loading. Indeed, any scalar multiplayer α in the loading Vk(x) can always be canceled by dividing the corre ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
... LOV-1. In male-specific ciliated sensory neurons, PKD-2 and LOV1 are required for two mating behaviors – response to mate contact and location of the mate’s vulva – and are postulated to sense cues from the mate. TRP channels function as sensory receptors of ...
... LOV-1. In male-specific ciliated sensory neurons, PKD-2 and LOV1 are required for two mating behaviors – response to mate contact and location of the mate’s vulva – and are postulated to sense cues from the mate. TRP channels function as sensory receptors of ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... with experimental results (5, 7, 8, 23, 24) and confirm earlier theoretical studies arguing that sharp tuning is not a necessary feature for a sparse sensory representation (25, 26). The sparsity of the response to each signal was a direct consequence of the detailed balance of correlated excitatory ...
... with experimental results (5, 7, 8, 23, 24) and confirm earlier theoretical studies arguing that sharp tuning is not a necessary feature for a sparse sensory representation (25, 26). The sparsity of the response to each signal was a direct consequence of the detailed balance of correlated excitatory ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... the ipsilateral inferior olive (-nucleus and dorsomedial cell column) as well as the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. These olivary neurons are the exclusive source of vestibularly modulated climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum. We recorded the activity of Psol neurons during natural vesti ...
... the ipsilateral inferior olive (-nucleus and dorsomedial cell column) as well as the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. These olivary neurons are the exclusive source of vestibularly modulated climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum. We recorded the activity of Psol neurons during natural vesti ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... intracellular calcium levels. Firing rate potentiation, by contrast, is triggered by decreases in intracellular calcium levels, which in turn reduce tonic activity of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [52]. In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity ...
... intracellular calcium levels. Firing rate potentiation, by contrast, is triggered by decreases in intracellular calcium levels, which in turn reduce tonic activity of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [52]. In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity ...
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.