THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... sortilin BOX 1, a receptor that is localized mainly intracellularly34,35, controls the mode of BDNF secretion36. Sortilin is co-localized with BDNF in secretory granules in neurons, and interacts with two sub-regions, ‘box 2’ (which contains Val66) and ‘box 3’, both of which are in the pro-domain ...
... sortilin BOX 1, a receptor that is localized mainly intracellularly34,35, controls the mode of BDNF secretion36. Sortilin is co-localized with BDNF in secretory granules in neurons, and interacts with two sub-regions, ‘box 2’ (which contains Val66) and ‘box 3’, both of which are in the pro-domain ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... Malenka, 2005), which are released from MSNs and exert apparent presynaptic effects (Yin and Lovinger, 2006) that may account for some of the reported actions of dopamine on synaptic vesicle cycling (Bamford et al., 2004; Bamford et al., 2008). LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimu ...
... Malenka, 2005), which are released from MSNs and exert apparent presynaptic effects (Yin and Lovinger, 2006) that may account for some of the reported actions of dopamine on synaptic vesicle cycling (Bamford et al., 2004; Bamford et al., 2008). LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimu ...
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
... D) sodium-potassium pump E) all-or-none response Answer: A Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. This statement best describes ________. A) a reflex arc B) the all-or-none response C) repolarization D ...
... D) sodium-potassium pump E) all-or-none response Answer: A Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. This statement best describes ________. A) a reflex arc B) the all-or-none response C) repolarization D ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... vivo single unit recordings in both primate and rodents show that midbrain dopamine neurons encode beneficial outcomes [e.g. 7, 58]. More specifically, many dopaminergic neurons encode a signal consistent with the proposal that their firing reflects a reward prediction error. An encoded positive rew ...
... vivo single unit recordings in both primate and rodents show that midbrain dopamine neurons encode beneficial outcomes [e.g. 7, 58]. More specifically, many dopaminergic neurons encode a signal consistent with the proposal that their firing reflects a reward prediction error. An encoded positive rew ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... consequences.1 Dissecting the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this disorder has recently made important progress with the use of genetically modified mice,2 but they remain far from being understood in detail. The identification of novel drug targets for the design of smoking cessation medica ...
... consequences.1 Dissecting the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this disorder has recently made important progress with the use of genetically modified mice,2 but they remain far from being understood in detail. The identification of novel drug targets for the design of smoking cessation medica ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked with 10% (w/v) skim milk and then reacted with 2 ml monoclonal antibodies (1 in loo0 dilutions of ascites fluids in 0.01 M-PBSpH 7-2 containing 3% bovine serum albumin) at 4 "C overnight by gently mixing in a tray. The membrane was washed with 50 mM- ...
... nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked with 10% (w/v) skim milk and then reacted with 2 ml monoclonal antibodies (1 in loo0 dilutions of ascites fluids in 0.01 M-PBSpH 7-2 containing 3% bovine serum albumin) at 4 "C overnight by gently mixing in a tray. The membrane was washed with 50 mM- ...
chapter 9_lecture - Leland Public Schools
... B. The brain can be divided into the cerebrum (largest portion and associated with higher mental functions), the diencephalon (processes sensory input), the cerebellum (coordinates muscular activity), and the brain stem (coordinates and regulates visceral activities). ...
... B. The brain can be divided into the cerebrum (largest portion and associated with higher mental functions), the diencephalon (processes sensory input), the cerebellum (coordinates muscular activity), and the brain stem (coordinates and regulates visceral activities). ...
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... TDP-43 present deficient locomotive behaviours, reduced life span and anatomical defects at neuromuscular junctions (Feiguin et al., 2009). TDP-43-depleted zebrafish exhibit swimming deficits along with excessive, premature branching and shortened motor axons (Kabashi et al., 2011). Furthermore, TDP ...
... TDP-43 present deficient locomotive behaviours, reduced life span and anatomical defects at neuromuscular junctions (Feiguin et al., 2009). TDP-43-depleted zebrafish exhibit swimming deficits along with excessive, premature branching and shortened motor axons (Kabashi et al., 2011). Furthermore, TDP ...
Computing with Spiking Neuron Networks
... non-exhaustive outline, a neuron can generate an action potential – the spike – at the soma, the cell body of the neuron. This brief electric pulse (1 or 2ms duration) then travels along the neuron’s axon, that in turn is linked up to the receiving end of other neurons, the dendrites (see Figure 1, ...
... non-exhaustive outline, a neuron can generate an action potential – the spike – at the soma, the cell body of the neuron. This brief electric pulse (1 or 2ms duration) then travels along the neuron’s axon, that in turn is linked up to the receiving end of other neurons, the dendrites (see Figure 1, ...
RESULTATS Capítol 1 __________________________________________________________________________ 71
... by specific signals as the main mechanism by which neuronal connections are first established between brain areas (Huber et al., 2003; Mueller, 1999), while activitydependent plasticity has been proposed as a mechanism for the final refinement and maturation of connections (Katz and Shatz, 1996). A ...
... by specific signals as the main mechanism by which neuronal connections are first established between brain areas (Huber et al., 2003; Mueller, 1999), while activitydependent plasticity has been proposed as a mechanism for the final refinement and maturation of connections (Katz and Shatz, 1996). A ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... inhibition (12%) in half of the neurons recorded [26]. Shortcomings of the ‘less’ hypothesis The silencing hypothesis is based on extracellular recordings during very short periods of HFS (Table 2). One potential problem with studies relying on extracellular recordings is that large stimulus artifac ...
... inhibition (12%) in half of the neurons recorded [26]. Shortcomings of the ‘less’ hypothesis The silencing hypothesis is based on extracellular recordings during very short periods of HFS (Table 2). One potential problem with studies relying on extracellular recordings is that large stimulus artifac ...
Spinal Kyphosis Causes Demyelination and Neuronal Loss in the
... compressed, showed most marked histologic changes such as demyelination and irregularity of the spared myelin sheath.” “It is known that the spinal cord vascular system of birds resembles that of humans.” [Important] In the kyphotic group, “the small blood vessels in the compressed spinal cord showe ...
... compressed, showed most marked histologic changes such as demyelination and irregularity of the spared myelin sheath.” “It is known that the spinal cord vascular system of birds resembles that of humans.” [Important] In the kyphotic group, “the small blood vessels in the compressed spinal cord showe ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... relationship between spatial domains within the olfactory bulb and target regions in the olfactory cortex [23–31]. In principle the results from such experiments could fall anywhere between one of two extremes, from point-topoint topography (where nearby glomeruli project to nearby areas in olfactor ...
... relationship between spatial domains within the olfactory bulb and target regions in the olfactory cortex [23–31]. In principle the results from such experiments could fall anywhere between one of two extremes, from point-topoint topography (where nearby glomeruli project to nearby areas in olfactor ...
Substance P and Cholecystokinin-like lmmunoreactive Varicosities
... staining of the CCK-8 antiserum at the 1/ 100 dilution used in the present study. In addition, adjacent 5 pm sections through several levels of the neuroaxis were stained alternately with an antiserum against CGRP (Amersham) and the CCK-8 antiserum to establish areas of specific CGRP-immunoreactive ...
... staining of the CCK-8 antiserum at the 1/ 100 dilution used in the present study. In addition, adjacent 5 pm sections through several levels of the neuroaxis were stained alternately with an antiserum against CGRP (Amersham) and the CCK-8 antiserum to establish areas of specific CGRP-immunoreactive ...
AANEM Glossary of Terms in Neuromuscular
... The field of neuromuscular and electrodiagnostic medicine requires a universal language to communicate effectively. This glossary is the cumulative effort of many individuals over the past several decades. With added knowledge gained through research and innovation, the need to update the extensive ...
... The field of neuromuscular and electrodiagnostic medicine requires a universal language to communicate effectively. This glossary is the cumulative effort of many individuals over the past several decades. With added knowledge gained through research and innovation, the need to update the extensive ...
May 2012 TF Fletcher ()
... Normal micturition entails coordinated actions of detrusor and sphincter musculature to enable complete emptying of the urinary bladder at appropriate times. Spinal lesions that damage descending tracts from the pons interrupt coordinated detrusorsphincter activity, producing detrusor-sphincter dyss ...
... Normal micturition entails coordinated actions of detrusor and sphincter musculature to enable complete emptying of the urinary bladder at appropriate times. Spinal lesions that damage descending tracts from the pons interrupt coordinated detrusorsphincter activity, producing detrusor-sphincter dyss ...
Binary neurons and networks
... Hebb’s postulate When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased. (1949) Donald Hebb ...
... Hebb’s postulate When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased. (1949) Donald Hebb ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
Reward and Aversion
... of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitter type, and neural connectivity. DA neurons are much more diverse than originally thought, ...
... of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitter type, and neural connectivity. DA neurons are much more diverse than originally thought, ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... interval (ISI) distribution histograms. Neurons were included in the analysis if they maintained stable spike isolation throughout a recording session and their distribution histograms showed an absence of ISIs ⬍2 ms (the refractory period). In this study, we focused on baseline activity during the ...
... interval (ISI) distribution histograms. Neurons were included in the analysis if they maintained stable spike isolation throughout a recording session and their distribution histograms showed an absence of ISIs ⬍2 ms (the refractory period). In this study, we focused on baseline activity during the ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... to accomplish transmitter uptake. While both are dependent on external Na 1 concentration, transporters for the monoamines, GABA and glycine are also coupled to the movement of Cl 2 into the cell, while excitatory amino acid transporters are dependent on external H 1 and internal K 1 levels, but not ...
... to accomplish transmitter uptake. While both are dependent on external Na 1 concentration, transporters for the monoamines, GABA and glycine are also coupled to the movement of Cl 2 into the cell, while excitatory amino acid transporters are dependent on external H 1 and internal K 1 levels, but not ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... does not appear to require ATP; however, priming them for subsequent release is an ATP-dependent process (Yao and Bajjalieh, 2008; Verhage and Sørensen, 2008). Following release, dissociation of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex is an ATP-depen ...
... does not appear to require ATP; however, priming them for subsequent release is an ATP-dependent process (Yao and Bajjalieh, 2008; Verhage and Sørensen, 2008). Following release, dissociation of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex is an ATP-depen ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... Physiol 301: R572–R580, 2011. First published June 22, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00674.2010.—Obesity and inadequate sleep are among the most common causes of health problems in modern society. Thus, the discovery that orexin (hypocretin) neurons play a pivotal role in sleep/wake regulation, energy b ...
... Physiol 301: R572–R580, 2011. First published June 22, 2011; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00674.2010.—Obesity and inadequate sleep are among the most common causes of health problems in modern society. Thus, the discovery that orexin (hypocretin) neurons play a pivotal role in sleep/wake regulation, energy b ...
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.