The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... Here we report the results of a comprehensive trafficking study of nerve growth factor and urotensin, a CRF family member. By quantifying and comparing trafficking routes, we show that LoC neurons can receive NGF not only by axonal transport via multisynaptic, axo-axonic synapses, but also by extrac ...
... Here we report the results of a comprehensive trafficking study of nerve growth factor and urotensin, a CRF family member. By quantifying and comparing trafficking routes, we show that LoC neurons can receive NGF not only by axonal transport via multisynaptic, axo-axonic synapses, but also by extrac ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... spreading efferents in laminae 2/3A and 1. It is possible to produce a prominent patch of retrogradely labeled neurons in lamina 5A by making an injection into 3B/4A (Figs. 28 and 6) or into lamina 4B (Fig. 9A). If lamina 2/3A is injected, one observes (Fig. 6) a column of labeled neurons that lies ...
... spreading efferents in laminae 2/3A and 1. It is possible to produce a prominent patch of retrogradely labeled neurons in lamina 5A by making an injection into 3B/4A (Figs. 28 and 6) or into lamina 4B (Fig. 9A). If lamina 2/3A is injected, one observes (Fig. 6) a column of labeled neurons that lies ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... osmosensitivity is due to the presence of intrinsic cellular mechanoreceptors and glial modulation. In neurons, osmosensing mechanoreceptors were initially identified as stretch-modulated cation channels [25] and now are associated to the transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid (V) family catio ...
... osmosensitivity is due to the presence of intrinsic cellular mechanoreceptors and glial modulation. In neurons, osmosensing mechanoreceptors were initially identified as stretch-modulated cation channels [25] and now are associated to the transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid (V) family catio ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... Microscopic anal ysis. The tracing and counting of FLI-positive cells were performed by an experimenter who was unaware of either the surgical group or stimulus condition to which the subject was assigned. Sections were observed under 4 – 403 objectives with a Nikon light microscope equipped with a ...
... Microscopic anal ysis. The tracing and counting of FLI-positive cells were performed by an experimenter who was unaware of either the surgical group or stimulus condition to which the subject was assigned. Sections were observed under 4 – 403 objectives with a Nikon light microscope equipped with a ...
superior Medullary Velum
... Vascularization of the superior medullary velum with the interpeduncular fossa, cerebral peduncle, midbrain, cerebellar cortex, inferior colliculus, lingula and vermis is reported to be from the vermian artery originating from the posterior cerebral artery (25). We did not study the vascular anatomy ...
... Vascularization of the superior medullary velum with the interpeduncular fossa, cerebral peduncle, midbrain, cerebellar cortex, inferior colliculus, lingula and vermis is reported to be from the vermian artery originating from the posterior cerebral artery (25). We did not study the vascular anatomy ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... areas, as did caudal area 8 to area LIPv, suggesting ‘feedback’ communication. However, contrary to previous assumptions, axons from caudal area 8 terminated mostly in layers IV–V of LIPd and 7a, suggesting ‘feedforward’ communication. These laminar patterns of connections were highly correlated wit ...
... areas, as did caudal area 8 to area LIPv, suggesting ‘feedback’ communication. However, contrary to previous assumptions, axons from caudal area 8 terminated mostly in layers IV–V of LIPd and 7a, suggesting ‘feedforward’ communication. These laminar patterns of connections were highly correlated wit ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... thermoregulatory behavior to reduce heat loss, cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, piloerection, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. For example, a functional neuroanatomical model of the core pathw ...
... thermoregulatory behavior to reduce heat loss, cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, piloerection, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. For example, a functional neuroanatomical model of the core pathw ...
Central projections of the glossopharyngeal and
... of the contralateral side. Efferents included in the oropharyngeal and abdominal branches of the vagus also originate from two morphologically separable populations of motor neurons. Key words: medulla, taste, touch, oropharynx, nucleus of the solitary tract ...
... of the contralateral side. Efferents included in the oropharyngeal and abdominal branches of the vagus also originate from two morphologically separable populations of motor neurons. Key words: medulla, taste, touch, oropharynx, nucleus of the solitary tract ...
Mitchell, Emma (2016) Detour pathways of descending motor
... spinal cord, and the extent of sprouting correlates with the degree of motor recovery. However, it is yet to be confirmed whether the CST from the nonischaemic hemisphere establishes new terminals in the denervated (ipsilateral) side of the spinal cord to replace connections lost after stroke. Hence ...
... spinal cord, and the extent of sprouting correlates with the degree of motor recovery. However, it is yet to be confirmed whether the CST from the nonischaemic hemisphere establishes new terminals in the denervated (ipsilateral) side of the spinal cord to replace connections lost after stroke. Hence ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... because the somata are relatively large (10–80 mm) and every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular elec ...
... because the somata are relatively large (10–80 mm) and every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular elec ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... Figure 5.4 Event-‐triggered averages of calcium signals ................................................... 80 Figure 5.5 Effects of the relationships between target and non-‐target neurons ... 82 Figure 5.6 Probabil ...
... Figure 5.4 Event-‐triggered averages of calcium signals ................................................... 80 Figure 5.5 Effects of the relationships between target and non-‐target neurons ... 82 Figure 5.6 Probabil ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... abilities, and instead use their whiskers to navigate and to locate and identify objects (Carvell and Simons, 1990; GuicRobles et al., 1989; Brecht et al., 1997). The tactile skills of their whiskers are in some ways comparable to primates using their fingertips (Carvell and Simons, 1990; Simons, 19 ...
... abilities, and instead use their whiskers to navigate and to locate and identify objects (Carvell and Simons, 1990; GuicRobles et al., 1989; Brecht et al., 1997). The tactile skills of their whiskers are in some ways comparable to primates using their fingertips (Carvell and Simons, 1990; Simons, 19 ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
... Oscillatory activity patterns contribute to the sensory perception in brain. Sensory periphery input is detected and selected basing on single neuron intrinsic resonance frequency characteristics. Input frequency preference can be dynamically tuned by biasing the membrane conductance and potential. ...
... Oscillatory activity patterns contribute to the sensory perception in brain. Sensory periphery input is detected and selected basing on single neuron intrinsic resonance frequency characteristics. Input frequency preference can be dynamically tuned by biasing the membrane conductance and potential. ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... from the DMN. Swallow-induced peristalsis is termed primary peristalsis to distinguish it from the so-called secondary peristalsis that is produced by local reflexes. Primary peristalsis is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Vagal preganglionic efferents stimulate peristalsis by activating and modifyi ...
... from the DMN. Swallow-induced peristalsis is termed primary peristalsis to distinguish it from the so-called secondary peristalsis that is produced by local reflexes. Primary peristalsis is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Vagal preganglionic efferents stimulate peristalsis by activating and modifyi ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... fibers in layer Ia and association/intrinsic fibers in layer Ib. A simple model of piriform cortex as an associative memory was used to analyze how suppression of inhibitory synaptic transmission influenced performance of the network. Levels of suppression of excitatory synaptic transmission were se ...
... fibers in layer Ia and association/intrinsic fibers in layer Ib. A simple model of piriform cortex as an associative memory was used to analyze how suppression of inhibitory synaptic transmission influenced performance of the network. Levels of suppression of excitatory synaptic transmission were se ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... NMDA receptor subunit-1 (Suen et al., 1997). Conversely, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) attenuates the transmission via GABAA receptors (Tanaka et al., 1997). It is important to emphasize that these pre- and postsynaptic effects are not ubiquitous, but depend on the expression of the corre ...
... NMDA receptor subunit-1 (Suen et al., 1997). Conversely, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) attenuates the transmission via GABAA receptors (Tanaka et al., 1997). It is important to emphasize that these pre- and postsynaptic effects are not ubiquitous, but depend on the expression of the corre ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
... 1984). Large depolarizations occur in the central terminals of these wind-sensitive hairs in the locust when a sensory neuron, thought to monitor cereal movements, is stimulated (Boyan 1988). The identity of this presumedproprioceptive sensory neuron is unknown. The depolarization that it evokes in ...
... 1984). Large depolarizations occur in the central terminals of these wind-sensitive hairs in the locust when a sensory neuron, thought to monitor cereal movements, is stimulated (Boyan 1988). The identity of this presumedproprioceptive sensory neuron is unknown. The depolarization that it evokes in ...
Ch_14_lecture_presentation
... • The Cords of the Brachial Plexus (details) • Lateral cord: extends to form the musculocutaneous nerve • The lateral cord and medial cord extend to form the median nerve • Medial cord extends to form the ulnar nerve • Posterior cord: branches to form the radial nerve and axillary nerve ...
... • The Cords of the Brachial Plexus (details) • Lateral cord: extends to form the musculocutaneous nerve • The lateral cord and medial cord extend to form the median nerve • Medial cord extends to form the ulnar nerve • Posterior cord: branches to form the radial nerve and axillary nerve ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as in non-neuronal cells. VGLUTs are localized in the dorsal root ganglia, where they are involved in nociception (Oliviera et al. 2003), in the trigeminal ganglion (Li et al. 2003) and in enteric neurons being the primary afferent neurotransmitter that transf ...
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as in non-neuronal cells. VGLUTs are localized in the dorsal root ganglia, where they are involved in nociception (Oliviera et al. 2003), in the trigeminal ganglion (Li et al. 2003) and in enteric neurons being the primary afferent neurotransmitter that transf ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
... electrophysiological recordings were made from single neurons in these regions to map the location of units that respond to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Recordings also were made from neurons in dorsal parts of the GP (GPd) before the microelectrode was lowered to the GP, and the ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... topographically and in several layers of superior temporal cortex. Details of the density and pattern of terminations from these areas at the light microscopic level were described in a recent study (Barbas et al., 2005). The present analysis is restricted to the ultrastructural level, and focused o ...
... topographically and in several layers of superior temporal cortex. Details of the density and pattern of terminations from these areas at the light microscopic level were described in a recent study (Barbas et al., 2005). The present analysis is restricted to the ultrastructural level, and focused o ...
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.