Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... ented longitudinally (along the axon) rather than transversely (across the axon) [Day, 1989; Phillips and Porter, 1962; Ranck, 1975; Rushton, 1927]. In cerebral cortex, the threshold for TMS excitation is also sensitive to orientation [Brasil-Neto et al., 1992; Mills et al., 1992], with certain orie ...
... ented longitudinally (along the axon) rather than transversely (across the axon) [Day, 1989; Phillips and Porter, 1962; Ranck, 1975; Rushton, 1927]. In cerebral cortex, the threshold for TMS excitation is also sensitive to orientation [Brasil-Neto et al., 1992; Mills et al., 1992], with certain orie ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... background noise levels. No significant differences were observed in the duration or frequency of the oscillations measured with any of the methods. All the data and figures presented here correspond to a threshold located at 23 SD of the noise. The propagation, synchrony, and duration of the oscillat ...
... background noise levels. No significant differences were observed in the duration or frequency of the oscillations measured with any of the methods. All the data and figures presented here correspond to a threshold located at 23 SD of the noise. The propagation, synchrony, and duration of the oscillat ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... systems coupled in a master-slave configuration when the slave is subject to a negative delayed self-feedback. Many examples of AS dynamics have been found in different systems, however, theoretical and experimental evidence for it in the brain has been lacking. In this thesis work we investigate th ...
... systems coupled in a master-slave configuration when the slave is subject to a negative delayed self-feedback. Many examples of AS dynamics have been found in different systems, however, theoretical and experimental evidence for it in the brain has been lacking. In this thesis work we investigate th ...
Article - Leslie Vosshall - The Rockefeller University
... Or83b/Gr21a flies, cyclohexanol induced a significant volume increase in the V glomerulus (Figure 2F, right). We conclude that neuronal activity in the OSNs is sufficient to induce neuroanatomical modulation of the V glomerulus. This experiment also allows us to exclude the possibility that the CO2- ...
... Or83b/Gr21a flies, cyclohexanol induced a significant volume increase in the V glomerulus (Figure 2F, right). We conclude that neuronal activity in the OSNs is sufficient to induce neuroanatomical modulation of the V glomerulus. This experiment also allows us to exclude the possibility that the CO2- ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... and ascending. Orbitofrontal axons terminated densely in a narrow band around the borders of the magnocellular basolateral nucleus, surrounded by projection neurons along a continuum through the nuclei of the basal complex. In contrast, the input and output zones of medial prefrontal areas were inte ...
... and ascending. Orbitofrontal axons terminated densely in a narrow band around the borders of the magnocellular basolateral nucleus, surrounded by projection neurons along a continuum through the nuclei of the basal complex. In contrast, the input and output zones of medial prefrontal areas were inte ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... Do projection neurons from one area originate and terminate in different layers when they project to two structurally disparate areas? For example, do limbic areas issue projections from neurons in their deep layers when they project to eulaminate areas as well as when they communicate with each oth ...
... Do projection neurons from one area originate and terminate in different layers when they project to two structurally disparate areas? For example, do limbic areas issue projections from neurons in their deep layers when they project to eulaminate areas as well as when they communicate with each oth ...
NIH Public Access
... Delay-tuned neurons occur in auditory systems of many bat species (Pteronotus parnellii, O'Neill and Suga 1979, Suga et al., 1979; Myotis lucifugus, Sullivan 1982a,b; Eptesicus fuscus, Dear et al., 1993; Feng et al., 1978), Rhinolophus rouxi, Schuller et al., 1988, 1991; Carollia perspicillata, Hage ...
... Delay-tuned neurons occur in auditory systems of many bat species (Pteronotus parnellii, O'Neill and Suga 1979, Suga et al., 1979; Myotis lucifugus, Sullivan 1982a,b; Eptesicus fuscus, Dear et al., 1993; Feng et al., 1978), Rhinolophus rouxi, Schuller et al., 1988, 1991; Carollia perspicillata, Hage ...
Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the
... sequential radiograms from rats injected with 3H-thymidine on day E l 5 and killed on days E l 6 and E17, the migration of young LGD neurons was followed in a posterolateral direction to the formative lateral geniculate body. By day E17, the day when the optic tract fibers begin to disperse over the ...
... sequential radiograms from rats injected with 3H-thymidine on day E l 5 and killed on days E l 6 and E17, the migration of young LGD neurons was followed in a posterolateral direction to the formative lateral geniculate body. By day E17, the day when the optic tract fibers begin to disperse over the ...
Spinal nerve
... • Femoral nerve is most important posterior division nerve • innervates muscles of anterior ...
... • Femoral nerve is most important posterior division nerve • innervates muscles of anterior ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, 3Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for ...
... Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, 3Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... GDNF-like immune or microgram activity Immunopositive neurons with varying intensities were scattered throughout the gray matter of the cortical regions examined, and were relatively intense in layers III and V/VI. Based upon their somatodendritic morphology, GDNF-positive neurons were identified as ...
... GDNF-like immune or microgram activity Immunopositive neurons with varying intensities were scattered throughout the gray matter of the cortical regions examined, and were relatively intense in layers III and V/VI. Based upon their somatodendritic morphology, GDNF-positive neurons were identified as ...
Optic Atrophy
... Optic atrophy is the ultimate end result of diseases that cause degeneration of axons of the ganglion cells, and manifests as changes in the color and the structure of the optic disc. It is associated with variable degrees of visual dysfunction. The optic nerve contains approximately 1.2 million axo ...
... Optic atrophy is the ultimate end result of diseases that cause degeneration of axons of the ganglion cells, and manifests as changes in the color and the structure of the optic disc. It is associated with variable degrees of visual dysfunction. The optic nerve contains approximately 1.2 million axo ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... (S)--fluoromethylhistidine blocked the arousal effect of montirelin in WT mice. We conclude, that direct excitation of rodent TMN neurons by TRH is receptor-mediated and demands activation of nonselective cation channels as well as electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Our findings indicate a key role of ...
... (S)--fluoromethylhistidine blocked the arousal effect of montirelin in WT mice. We conclude, that direct excitation of rodent TMN neurons by TRH is receptor-mediated and demands activation of nonselective cation channels as well as electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Our findings indicate a key role of ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... show altered function and many of them eventually die. Because of this, most research on ALS and SMA is focused on the motor neuron itself and on its synapse with skeletal muscle, the neuromuscular junction. However, in the spinal cord, motor neurons receive inputs from local spinal networks, descen ...
... show altered function and many of them eventually die. Because of this, most research on ALS and SMA is focused on the motor neuron itself and on its synapse with skeletal muscle, the neuromuscular junction. However, in the spinal cord, motor neurons receive inputs from local spinal networks, descen ...
Nerves of Pelvis and Perineum + Sacral Plexus
... Sacral plexus Relations of sacral plexus Branches of sacral plexus Sciatic nerve (L4-S3) Pudendal nerve (S2,S3,S4) ...
... Sacral plexus Relations of sacral plexus Branches of sacral plexus Sciatic nerve (L4-S3) Pudendal nerve (S2,S3,S4) ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... how far the fibers continued. Today we know that the fibers of DRN target a multitude of regions, both close to and far from the DRN itself, throughout the brain and spinal cord. Some of the fibers collateralize and, thus, a single neuron can reach more than one target simultaneously. Cajal also wro ...
... how far the fibers continued. Today we know that the fibers of DRN target a multitude of regions, both close to and far from the DRN itself, throughout the brain and spinal cord. Some of the fibers collateralize and, thus, a single neuron can reach more than one target simultaneously. Cajal also wro ...
PRESYNAPTIC IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS AND CONTROL OF
... VGCCs can enhance spontaneous neurotransmitter release, an effect that is sensitive to VGCC blockade. By contrast, effects of the activation of presynaptic anionic receptors on evoked release are more difficult to predict. Depolarization that activates VGCCs and enhances spontaneous release might di ...
... VGCCs can enhance spontaneous neurotransmitter release, an effect that is sensitive to VGCC blockade. By contrast, effects of the activation of presynaptic anionic receptors on evoked release are more difficult to predict. Depolarization that activates VGCCs and enhances spontaneous release might di ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... adjacent preoptic/anterior hypothalamus, sections were incubated for 4-5 days at 4°C with rabbit anti-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibodies (Millipore, Billerica, MA) diluted 1/5,000 in PBST containing 0.1% sodium azide, then, after several washes, were incubated overnight at 4°C with biotinyl ...
... adjacent preoptic/anterior hypothalamus, sections were incubated for 4-5 days at 4°C with rabbit anti-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibodies (Millipore, Billerica, MA) diluted 1/5,000 in PBST containing 0.1% sodium azide, then, after several washes, were incubated overnight at 4°C with biotinyl ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... was empty, and the bevel was rinsed in sterile saline several times before it was inserted in the brain. After injection of tracers the needle was left in place for 10–15 min to avoid diffusion of label up the needle tract. The needle was then withdrawn, the wound was closed in anatomic layers and t ...
... was empty, and the bevel was rinsed in sterile saline several times before it was inserted in the brain. After injection of tracers the needle was left in place for 10–15 min to avoid diffusion of label up the needle tract. The needle was then withdrawn, the wound was closed in anatomic layers and t ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... retrograde tracers into the pancreas of sympathectomised rats have demonstrated the distribution of higher order neurons that innervate the pancreas (18, 49, 69). These studies have revealed that neurons that comprise the parasympathetic circuitry to the pancreas show a wider distribution compared t ...
... retrograde tracers into the pancreas of sympathectomised rats have demonstrated the distribution of higher order neurons that innervate the pancreas (18, 49, 69). These studies have revealed that neurons that comprise the parasympathetic circuitry to the pancreas show a wider distribution compared t ...
Spatiotemporal Properties of Eye Position Signals
... task was used to quantify eye position sensitivities and to examine effects of preceding saccade directions on eye position--related neuronal activity. Refixation Saccade Task This task was also used to examine the hysteretic nature of thalamic eye position signals within each trial. A green fixation ...
... task was used to quantify eye position sensitivities and to examine effects of preceding saccade directions on eye position--related neuronal activity. Refixation Saccade Task This task was also used to examine the hysteretic nature of thalamic eye position signals within each trial. A green fixation ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due to block of action potential invasion into synaptic release regions or to alterations of transmitter release as a function of the presynaptic ...
... the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due to block of action potential invasion into synaptic release regions or to alterations of transmitter release as a function of the presynaptic ...
For Peer Review - diss.fu
... MnR: 7.8 mm posterior to bregma, 0.8 from the midline, and 7.8 mm ventral to the dura (-6°). Hemisphere for injections into VTA was randomized prior to each experiment. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG; 2-hydroxy-4,4-diamino-stilbene, 1% in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4; Fluorochrome, Denver, ...
... MnR: 7.8 mm posterior to bregma, 0.8 from the midline, and 7.8 mm ventral to the dura (-6°). Hemisphere for injections into VTA was randomized prior to each experiment. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG; 2-hydroxy-4,4-diamino-stilbene, 1% in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4; Fluorochrome, Denver, ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
... the largest of the cranial nerves, it is responsible for sensation in the face. Some trigeminal nerve endings extend into the nasal cavity. Trigeminal nerve stimulation typically results in sensations of irritation but there is increasing interest in how stimulation of the trigeminal nerve endings l ...
... the largest of the cranial nerves, it is responsible for sensation in the face. Some trigeminal nerve endings extend into the nasal cavity. Trigeminal nerve stimulation typically results in sensations of irritation but there is increasing interest in how stimulation of the trigeminal nerve endings l ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... synapse onto these interneurons to drive local inhibition in the circuit. In deeper layers, interneurons have been found to make preferential connections onto different types of projection neurons. For example, inhibitory contacts from PV interneurons are stronger onto corticothalamic than corticoco ...
... synapse onto these interneurons to drive local inhibition in the circuit. In deeper layers, interneurons have been found to make preferential connections onto different types of projection neurons. For example, inhibitory contacts from PV interneurons are stronger onto corticothalamic than corticoco ...
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.