The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
... major structural properties that are crucial for its function. First, its cell body and extensive dendritic arborization is in the mesothoracic ganglion; therefore, it can receive synaptic input from the singing central pattern generator (CPG). Second, the neuron has profuse axonal arborizations tha ...
... major structural properties that are crucial for its function. First, its cell body and extensive dendritic arborization is in the mesothoracic ganglion; therefore, it can receive synaptic input from the singing central pattern generator (CPG). Second, the neuron has profuse axonal arborizations tha ...
GLIA: LISTENING AND TALKING TO THE SYNAPSE
... neighbouring cells and give rise to an intercellular wave of Ca2+ (REFS 33–36). In support of this possibility, C6 glioma cells, which express few gap junctions, do not show Ca2+ waves unless connexins are artificially expressed34. Ins(1,4,5)P3 is likely to diffuse between astrocytes, as indicated b ...
... neighbouring cells and give rise to an intercellular wave of Ca2+ (REFS 33–36). In support of this possibility, C6 glioma cells, which express few gap junctions, do not show Ca2+ waves unless connexins are artificially expressed34. Ins(1,4,5)P3 is likely to diffuse between astrocytes, as indicated b ...
Antagonistic roles of Wnt5 and the Drl receptor in patterning the
... glomerular development in their target tissues17, but the underlying mechanisms for this are unknown. The Drosophila olfactory system is highly suited for use in unraveling the mechanisms of olfactory map development. The anatomy and development of the fly antennal lobe closely resembles that of the ...
... glomerular development in their target tissues17, but the underlying mechanisms for this are unknown. The Drosophila olfactory system is highly suited for use in unraveling the mechanisms of olfactory map development. The anatomy and development of the fly antennal lobe closely resembles that of the ...
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... sensory organs they interact with. In particular, they are generally located closer to the muscles and sensory organs as was demonstrated in [4], where locations of sensory organs and muscles were fixed, and the authors obtained the optimal positions of all neurons (motor, sensory and interneurons). ...
... sensory organs they interact with. In particular, they are generally located closer to the muscles and sensory organs as was demonstrated in [4], where locations of sensory organs and muscles were fixed, and the authors obtained the optimal positions of all neurons (motor, sensory and interneurons). ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... and Wessberg 1985; Schepens and Drew 2003a) and might be initiated by a single motor command (see Gahéry and Nieoullon 1978; Kably and Drew 1998b). The neural signals responsible for the production of the postural responses and for their integration with the cortical commands for movement are even ...
... and Wessberg 1985; Schepens and Drew 2003a) and might be initiated by a single motor command (see Gahéry and Nieoullon 1978; Kably and Drew 1998b). The neural signals responsible for the production of the postural responses and for their integration with the cortical commands for movement are even ...
Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... neocortical pyramidal cell. B) Diagram of a synapse. The axon terminal or bouton is at the end of the axonal branch seen entering from the top of the figure. It is filled with synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter that is released when an action potential arrives from the presynaptic neu ...
... neocortical pyramidal cell. B) Diagram of a synapse. The axon terminal or bouton is at the end of the axonal branch seen entering from the top of the figure. It is filled with synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter that is released when an action potential arrives from the presynaptic neu ...
The role of nitric oxide in the hypothalamic control of LHRH and
... nitric oxide synthase [15, 18, 133, 140] and estrogen receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-positive neurons (Fig. 10) [18, 97] indicating a potential role of NO in sexual behavior. The biological signif ...
... nitric oxide synthase [15, 18, 133, 140] and estrogen receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-positive neurons (Fig. 10) [18, 97] indicating a potential role of NO in sexual behavior. The biological signif ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... biological nervous systems such as (B) Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which have strong input from climbing fibers through many hundreds or thousands of synapses. In contrast, the model as shown in (C) that utilizes specific input to a presynaptic terminal as is known to exist in invertebrate sys ...
... biological nervous systems such as (B) Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which have strong input from climbing fibers through many hundreds or thousands of synapses. In contrast, the model as shown in (C) that utilizes specific input to a presynaptic terminal as is known to exist in invertebrate sys ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... biological nervous systems such as (B) Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which have strong input from climbing fibers through many hundreds or thousands of synapses. In contrast, the model as shown in (C) that utilizes specific input to a presynaptic terminal as is known to exist in invertebrate sys ...
... biological nervous systems such as (B) Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which have strong input from climbing fibers through many hundreds or thousands of synapses. In contrast, the model as shown in (C) that utilizes specific input to a presynaptic terminal as is known to exist in invertebrate sys ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... survival of developing neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous system (50). Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first of this family to be discovered in 1950 through its effects on sympathetic neurons, showing that fibers emerging from sympathetic ganglion cells in chick embryos were observ ...
... survival of developing neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous system (50). Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first of this family to be discovered in 1950 through its effects on sympathetic neurons, showing that fibers emerging from sympathetic ganglion cells in chick embryos were observ ...
Sensory Adaptation and Short Term Plasticity as Bayesian
... optimal adaptation rule is to normalize the inputs from each presynaptic neuron. Inputs from presynaptic neurons with high excitability will tend to have low gain, while inputs from neurons with low excitability will tend to have high gain. Under this rule, short term increases in firing rate are ty ...
... optimal adaptation rule is to normalize the inputs from each presynaptic neuron. Inputs from presynaptic neurons with high excitability will tend to have low gain, while inputs from neurons with low excitability will tend to have high gain. Under this rule, short term increases in firing rate are ty ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... the number of neurons ending up composing individual cortical areas of different connectivity patterns and, therefore, function. Within the cerebral cortex, different zones are specified very early in development through the action of morphogens and transcription factors (Bishop et al., 2000; Fukuch ...
... the number of neurons ending up composing individual cortical areas of different connectivity patterns and, therefore, function. Within the cerebral cortex, different zones are specified very early in development through the action of morphogens and transcription factors (Bishop et al., 2000; Fukuch ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
doc PHGY311
... hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For example, as discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6, cortisol produced from the adr ...
... hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For example, as discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6, cortisol produced from the adr ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... To study the influence of mPFC inputs on the responsiveness of Ce neurons, one to three conditioning stimuli (at 300 Hz, typically 0.05– 0.2 msec pulses of 0.1– 0.5 mA) were delivered to the mPFC before a single test stimulus to the insula or brainstem. This mPFC stimulation frequency was chosen bec ...
... To study the influence of mPFC inputs on the responsiveness of Ce neurons, one to three conditioning stimuli (at 300 Hz, typically 0.05– 0.2 msec pulses of 0.1– 0.5 mA) were delivered to the mPFC before a single test stimulus to the insula or brainstem. This mPFC stimulation frequency was chosen bec ...
The Face as a Sensory Organ
... by the extent of facial trauma before transplantation. One of the fundamental functions of the human face is the ability to receive multimodal sensory information from the environment and to convey it to the cerebral cortex for integration and processing. The presence of normal sensation is importan ...
... by the extent of facial trauma before transplantation. One of the fundamental functions of the human face is the ability to receive multimodal sensory information from the environment and to convey it to the cerebral cortex for integration and processing. The presence of normal sensation is importan ...
Myelin and White Matter
... in gray matter structures. There are two main types of macroglia in the white matter: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Among the many putative functions of glial cells, it is proposed that they contribute to the structural and nutritive support of neurons, regulate the extracellular environment of i ...
... in gray matter structures. There are two main types of macroglia in the white matter: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Among the many putative functions of glial cells, it is proposed that they contribute to the structural and nutritive support of neurons, regulate the extracellular environment of i ...
Joseph and Heberlein 1 Tissue-specific Activation of a
... positional aversion. In contrast, pharyngeal taste-cells mediate the egg-laying attraction to lobeline, as determined by analysis of mosaic flies in which subsets of Gr66a neurons were silenced. Finally, inactivating mushroom body neurons disrupted both aversive and attractive responses, suggesting ...
... positional aversion. In contrast, pharyngeal taste-cells mediate the egg-laying attraction to lobeline, as determined by analysis of mosaic flies in which subsets of Gr66a neurons were silenced. Finally, inactivating mushroom body neurons disrupted both aversive and attractive responses, suggesting ...
Cell groups of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and paramedian
... Baxter that these neurons should be considered as displaced pontine nuclei may turn out to be a useful concept. It has long been known that these paramedian medullary cell clusters project to the cerebellum (Brodal and Torvik, 1954; Somana and Walberg, 1978 ; Brodal and Brodal, 1983): but they have ...
... Baxter that these neurons should be considered as displaced pontine nuclei may turn out to be a useful concept. It has long been known that these paramedian medullary cell clusters project to the cerebellum (Brodal and Torvik, 1954; Somana and Walberg, 1978 ; Brodal and Brodal, 1983): but they have ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... GABAergic inputs to the subtantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and the resulting reduction in SNr activity helps release actions (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neu ...
... GABAergic inputs to the subtantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and the resulting reduction in SNr activity helps release actions (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neu ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining subsets of neuronal populations, as spiny GABAergic projection cells can contain substance P, GABA, enkephalin or dynorphyn (Kawaguchi, 1997). There is also a distinction between spiny projection cells with respect to the dopamin rec ...
... Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining subsets of neuronal populations, as spiny GABAergic projection cells can contain substance P, GABA, enkephalin or dynorphyn (Kawaguchi, 1997). There is also a distinction between spiny projection cells with respect to the dopamin rec ...
Alexander et al., 2009
... through one of four canonical GPCR cascades: (1) Gq-mediated pathways that increase excitability and enhance neural firing (Alexander et al., 2009), (2) Gi/o-mediated pathways that result in presynaptic inhibition and silencing of neural activity (Armbruster et al., 2007; Stachniak et al., 2014), (3 ...
... through one of four canonical GPCR cascades: (1) Gq-mediated pathways that increase excitability and enhance neural firing (Alexander et al., 2009), (2) Gi/o-mediated pathways that result in presynaptic inhibition and silencing of neural activity (Armbruster et al., 2007; Stachniak et al., 2014), (3 ...
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexus
... 1. Slight stretching of a muscle stimulates sensory receptors in the muscle called muscle spindles ...
... 1. Slight stretching of a muscle stimulates sensory receptors in the muscle called muscle spindles ...
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... Sensory information from receptors travels up the spinal cord via the; ...
... Sensory information from receptors travels up the spinal cord via the; ...
Chapter 2: Biological Bases of Behavior MULTIPLE CHOICE 1
... c. support mature glial cells d. provide the mechanisms by which glial cells repair themselves ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: 2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication, Textbook | Animation - Neuron and Transmitters, Online OBJ: LO5 Identify the various parts of the neuron and e ...
... c. support mature glial cells d. provide the mechanisms by which glial cells repair themselves ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: 2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication, Textbook | Animation - Neuron and Transmitters, Online OBJ: LO5 Identify the various parts of the neuron and e ...
Axon
.svg?width=300)
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.