Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... intracellular calcium levels. Firing rate potentiation, by contrast, is triggered by decreases in intracellular calcium levels, which in turn reduce tonic activity of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [52]. In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity ...
... intracellular calcium levels. Firing rate potentiation, by contrast, is triggered by decreases in intracellular calcium levels, which in turn reduce tonic activity of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [52]. In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... rons exhibit robust oscillatory activity (0.5–1.5 Hz) in anesthemm; dorsoventral (DV), 3.5 mm] were recorded extracellularly. At the tized animals defined as slow oscillations (SOs), which may end of each experiment, the recording site within the mPFC was verified by visual inspection (Fig. 1 B, C). ...
... rons exhibit robust oscillatory activity (0.5–1.5 Hz) in anesthemm; dorsoventral (DV), 3.5 mm] were recorded extracellularly. At the tized animals defined as slow oscillations (SOs), which may end of each experiment, the recording site within the mPFC was verified by visual inspection (Fig. 1 B, C). ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... Action potentials were evoked by injecting the neurons with threshold-straddling, brief (4 msec) and long (180 msec) depolarizing current pulses through the recording microelectrode. Linopirdine exerted several effects on active membrane properties (Table 1). The most conspicuous effect was facilita ...
... Action potentials were evoked by injecting the neurons with threshold-straddling, brief (4 msec) and long (180 msec) depolarizing current pulses through the recording microelectrode. Linopirdine exerted several effects on active membrane properties (Table 1). The most conspicuous effect was facilita ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
... disadvantages of each metric are discussed in (Spector & Travers, 2005). Briefly, entropy better reflects the overall response profile because it takes into account all of the responses, however, the formula for entropy does not handle negative numbers, i.e. inhibitory responses. On the other hand, ...
... disadvantages of each metric are discussed in (Spector & Travers, 2005). Briefly, entropy better reflects the overall response profile because it takes into account all of the responses, however, the formula for entropy does not handle negative numbers, i.e. inhibitory responses. On the other hand, ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... Recent evidence suggests that local inhibitory processes are major determinants of LAT neuronal activity and are central to its normal functioning as, for example, a decrease in GABAergic neurons within this structure is correlated with the development of kindled seizures (Callahan et al. 1991). In ...
... Recent evidence suggests that local inhibitory processes are major determinants of LAT neuronal activity and are central to its normal functioning as, for example, a decrease in GABAergic neurons within this structure is correlated with the development of kindled seizures (Callahan et al. 1991). In ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
A biomaterials approach to peripheral nerve regeneration: bridging
... recent studies, it has been shown that sensory and motor neurons have different Schwann cell (SC) modalities and if placed in the incorrect microenvironment, may limit their regenerative ability [17]. Autograft use is currently limited to a critical nerve gap of approximately 5 cm in length and beyo ...
... recent studies, it has been shown that sensory and motor neurons have different Schwann cell (SC) modalities and if placed in the incorrect microenvironment, may limit their regenerative ability [17]. Autograft use is currently limited to a critical nerve gap of approximately 5 cm in length and beyo ...
Synchronization of Fast (30-40 Hz)
... the waves. The autocorrelation function indicates the main period of the oscillation (at the abscissa of the first secondary peak) and the strength of the oscillation (as a function of the number of secondary peaks visible in the autocorrelation). The spectra derived from fast Fourier transforms (FF ...
... the waves. The autocorrelation function indicates the main period of the oscillation (at the abscissa of the first secondary peak) and the strength of the oscillation (as a function of the number of secondary peaks visible in the autocorrelation). The spectra derived from fast Fourier transforms (FF ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
... indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes
... itself in more detail. The spinal cord, like the brain, consists of two kinds of nervous tissue called gray and white matter. Gray matter has a relatively dull color because it contains little myelin. It contains the somas, dendrites, and proximal parts of the axons of neurons. It is the site of syn ...
... itself in more detail. The spinal cord, like the brain, consists of two kinds of nervous tissue called gray and white matter. Gray matter has a relatively dull color because it contains little myelin. It contains the somas, dendrites, and proximal parts of the axons of neurons. It is the site of syn ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... present in the anterior pituitary, intestine, placenta and thyroid gland [16, 20]. In rats, D1 is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 22]. The main source of extra-thyroidal T3 is type 2 deiodinase (D2) that converts T4 to T ...
... present in the anterior pituitary, intestine, placenta and thyroid gland [16, 20]. In rats, D1 is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 22]. The main source of extra-thyroidal T3 is type 2 deiodinase (D2) that converts T4 to T ...
Traumatic Injuries to the Spinal Cord
... these instances, the spinal cord damage is considered to be caused by a sudden inward bulge of the ligamentum flavum or by transient vertebral dislocation that is permitted because of ligamentous disruption. Rotational forces are quite common in motor vehicular accidents. Such forces may produce sub ...
... these instances, the spinal cord damage is considered to be caused by a sudden inward bulge of the ligamentum flavum or by transient vertebral dislocation that is permitted because of ligamentous disruption. Rotational forces are quite common in motor vehicular accidents. Such forces may produce sub ...
The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
... 13-3 Gray Matter and White Matter • The spinal cord plays a major role in spinal reflex activities and provides a communication link between the brain and the rest of the body. • In cross section, an inner butterfly shaped region of gray matter is surrounded by anterior, lateral, and posterior whit ...
... 13-3 Gray Matter and White Matter • The spinal cord plays a major role in spinal reflex activities and provides a communication link between the brain and the rest of the body. • In cross section, an inner butterfly shaped region of gray matter is surrounded by anterior, lateral, and posterior whit ...
FACIAL NERVE TRAUMA
... at 33 patients who underwent nerve decompression. They found no significant difference in overall results between those undergoing early (<30 days post-injury) vs. late (>30 days postinjury) decompression ...
... at 33 patients who underwent nerve decompression. They found no significant difference in overall results between those undergoing early (<30 days post-injury) vs. late (>30 days postinjury) decompression ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Distribution of Agrin mRNAs in the Chick Embryo Nervous System
... of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 870 1 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226. Copyright 0 1994 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/94/142943-10$05.00/O ...
... of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 870 1 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226. Copyright 0 1994 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/94/142943-10$05.00/O ...
FREE Sample Here
... MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: www Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials? A) They are generated according to an all-or-none principle. B) They all travel at the same speed. C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) T ...
... MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: www Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials? A) They are generated according to an all-or-none principle. B) They all travel at the same speed. C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) T ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along the entire length of the cord. Moreover, many of these local circuit neurons also have axonal branches that cross the midline in the commissure of the spinal cord to innervate lower motor neurons in the medial part of the contralate ...
... to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along the entire length of the cord. Moreover, many of these local circuit neurons also have axonal branches that cross the midline in the commissure of the spinal cord to innervate lower motor neurons in the medial part of the contralate ...
Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Alterations in Subacute and Chronic
... Milwaukee, WI) and 0.1% Cresyl violet (Sigma-Aldrich) technique using a standard protocol. To determine motor neuron numbers in the gray ventral horn of the cervical spinal cords on both sides, the optical fractionator method of unbiased stereological cell counting techniques (44, 45) was used with ...
... Milwaukee, WI) and 0.1% Cresyl violet (Sigma-Aldrich) technique using a standard protocol. To determine motor neuron numbers in the gray ventral horn of the cervical spinal cords on both sides, the optical fractionator method of unbiased stereological cell counting techniques (44, 45) was used with ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... a maximum diameter of 10 to 20 µm. The fine structural properties of these neurons do not differ from the general neuronal attributes, except that some of the GnRH nerve cells are ciliated (8, 15). Most of the GnRH neurons show either uni- or bipolar shapes. The dendritic processes of GnRH cells ori ...
... a maximum diameter of 10 to 20 µm. The fine structural properties of these neurons do not differ from the general neuronal attributes, except that some of the GnRH nerve cells are ciliated (8, 15). Most of the GnRH neurons show either uni- or bipolar shapes. The dendritic processes of GnRH cells ori ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter ...
... a bewildering variety of forms. In the various cyprinid and perciform species investigated, tectal cell receptive fields probed with flashed or moving spots of light vary greatly in size, ranging from roughly circular fields 2-5 degrees across to complex fields extending some 160 degrees. The latter ...
SpinalCord_Nerves_Plexus_Reflexes
... to a nearby sympathetic ganglion. Because these preganglionic axons are myelinated, this branch has a light color and is therefore known as the white ramus. A sympathetic nerve contains preganglionic and postganglionic fibers innervating structures in the thoracic cavity. ...
... to a nearby sympathetic ganglion. Because these preganglionic axons are myelinated, this branch has a light color and is therefore known as the white ramus. A sympathetic nerve contains preganglionic and postganglionic fibers innervating structures in the thoracic cavity. ...
Carlsson J Neurosci 2007 (pdf 2,2 MB)
... sessions were performed over 90 min, and the data are expressed as total net full-body turns per minute. A positive value indicates rotations ipsilateral to the lesion side. Amphetamine-induced rotation was recorded at 2 weeks after the 6-OHDA lesion to evaluate the extension of the lesion, and at 8 ...
... sessions were performed over 90 min, and the data are expressed as total net full-body turns per minute. A positive value indicates rotations ipsilateral to the lesion side. Amphetamine-induced rotation was recorded at 2 weeks after the 6-OHDA lesion to evaluate the extension of the lesion, and at 8 ...
Role of High-Affinity Receptors and Membrane Transporters in
... review that the first concrete evidence of presynaptic receptors was published in a classic report by Masland and Wigton (1940). These authors claimed that the fasciculation that follows the intra-arterial injection of ACh or an anticholinesterase drug into a skeletal muscle reflects the firing of t ...
... review that the first concrete evidence of presynaptic receptors was published in a classic report by Masland and Wigton (1940). These authors claimed that the fasciculation that follows the intra-arterial injection of ACh or an anticholinesterase drug into a skeletal muscle reflects the firing of t ...
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.