Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... entirely consistent with previous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies (Fremeau et al., 2001; Land et al., 2004). Following the standard ABC protocol (see above), vGLUT2 was visualized using DABNi. Postembedding GABA immunostaining (described above) was performed on ultrathin section ...
... entirely consistent with previous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies (Fremeau et al., 2001; Land et al., 2004). Following the standard ABC protocol (see above), vGLUT2 was visualized using DABNi. Postembedding GABA immunostaining (described above) was performed on ultrathin section ...
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... A family of small homodimeric proteins termed neurotrophins plays a key role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Some of the most extensive information on the function of these proteins has come from work on sensory neurons and their progenitors. At an early developmental stage, the ...
... A family of small homodimeric proteins termed neurotrophins plays a key role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Some of the most extensive information on the function of these proteins has come from work on sensory neurons and their progenitors. At an early developmental stage, the ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically involved in learning this task (30). PKC levels in the hippocampu ...
... recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically involved in learning this task (30). PKC levels in the hippocampu ...
melanogaster
... cells involved in this computation are under active research, and a complete picture has yet to emerge (Clark et al., 2011; Eichner et al., 2011). Partly due to the accessibility of a set of large interneurons located in the lobula plate, we know a great deal more about higher order visual processin ...
... cells involved in this computation are under active research, and a complete picture has yet to emerge (Clark et al., 2011; Eichner et al., 2011). Partly due to the accessibility of a set of large interneurons located in the lobula plate, we know a great deal more about higher order visual processin ...
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating
... sensory SP- and CGRP-containing nerves in the cervix and was designed to determine if the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) could also play a role in cervical function, such as cervical ripening. PACAP has been identifi in nerves in the female genital tract [7,8 ...
... sensory SP- and CGRP-containing nerves in the cervix and was designed to determine if the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) could also play a role in cervical function, such as cervical ripening. PACAP has been identifi in nerves in the female genital tract [7,8 ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechanisms that fine-tune the specification of the myriad of neuronal subtypes remain unknown. This is exemplified by cell-type specification in vertebrate retinal development, during which one g ...
... order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechanisms that fine-tune the specification of the myriad of neuronal subtypes remain unknown. This is exemplified by cell-type specification in vertebrate retinal development, during which one g ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... striatum on DA neurons. Thus, the striatum appears to play a role in self-neuronal protection when neurodegeneration of midbrain DA neurons occurs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the neural plasticity of the DA-denervated striatum are far from being elucidated. Cystatin C, a cysteine p ...
... striatum on DA neurons. Thus, the striatum appears to play a role in self-neuronal protection when neurodegeneration of midbrain DA neurons occurs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the neural plasticity of the DA-denervated striatum are far from being elucidated. Cystatin C, a cysteine p ...
Number, Density, and Surface/Cytoplasmic
... unchanged fluorescent intensity on the previously used imaging systems, indicating the stability of the His6– GFP solutions. For the present study, the beads were used to calibrate the Leica confocal microscope system. Using GFP-beads at densities at 300, 600, and 1500 GFP per square micrometer, we ...
... unchanged fluorescent intensity on the previously used imaging systems, indicating the stability of the His6– GFP solutions. For the present study, the beads were used to calibrate the Leica confocal microscope system. Using GFP-beads at densities at 300, 600, and 1500 GFP per square micrometer, we ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1990; Arbas et al., 1991; Edwards and Palka, 1991; Paul, 1991; Katz and Tazaki, ...
... during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1990; Arbas et al., 1991; Edwards and Palka, 1991; Paul, 1991; Katz and Tazaki, ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... revealed two distinct classes of corticoreticular terminals synapsing with GABA/parvalbumin-positive dendritic shafts of TRN neurons. Most labeled boutons from prefrontal axons were small, but a second class of large boutons was also prominent. This is in contrast to the homogeneous small TRN termin ...
... revealed two distinct classes of corticoreticular terminals synapsing with GABA/parvalbumin-positive dendritic shafts of TRN neurons. Most labeled boutons from prefrontal axons were small, but a second class of large boutons was also prominent. This is in contrast to the homogeneous small TRN termin ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the CN receives ascending input from the auditory nerve. Studies of the CN suggest that its functional importance arises from the fact that this structure receives inputs from the auditory nerve that preserves the topography of frequencies established in the cochlea (Osen, 1970). All three subdivisi ...
... the CN receives ascending input from the auditory nerve. Studies of the CN suggest that its functional importance arises from the fact that this structure receives inputs from the auditory nerve that preserves the topography of frequencies established in the cochlea (Osen, 1970). All three subdivisi ...
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the
... orbital areas. In addition, there were differences in the topography of afferent neurons projecting to medial when compared with orbital cortices. Labeled neurons innervating medial cortices were found mainly i n the CA1’ and CA1 fields rostrally, but originated in the subicular fields caudally. In ...
... orbital areas. In addition, there were differences in the topography of afferent neurons projecting to medial when compared with orbital cortices. Labeled neurons innervating medial cortices were found mainly i n the CA1’ and CA1 fields rostrally, but originated in the subicular fields caudally. In ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... equivalent of the saccade neurons with buildup activity observed in the SC. FEF is also populated by fixation neurons that seem to parallel their counterparts in the SC84 . Hanes and Wurtz 69 showed that it was not possible to elicit saccades with microstimulation of the FEF, following reversible d ...
... equivalent of the saccade neurons with buildup activity observed in the SC. FEF is also populated by fixation neurons that seem to parallel their counterparts in the SC84 . Hanes and Wurtz 69 showed that it was not possible to elicit saccades with microstimulation of the FEF, following reversible d ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
Print
... lyl cyclase activity, inhibition of voltage-activated calcium channels, and activation of potassium channels (56, 148, 221, 222, 236, 239). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that CB1 receptors are abundantly expressed in discrete regions and cell types of the ce ...
... lyl cyclase activity, inhibition of voltage-activated calcium channels, and activation of potassium channels (56, 148, 221, 222, 236, 239). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that CB1 receptors are abundantly expressed in discrete regions and cell types of the ce ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... 1C–E; see also Fig. 5A) demonstrate that even though distilled water is the least intense stimulus within our array, it often produced an intermediate response in LH neurons. If LH neurons were actually encoding intensity, we would expect distilled water to elicit either the weakest or the strongest ...
... 1C–E; see also Fig. 5A) demonstrate that even though distilled water is the least intense stimulus within our array, it often produced an intermediate response in LH neurons. If LH neurons were actually encoding intensity, we would expect distilled water to elicit either the weakest or the strongest ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... Details of the surgery and recording methods have been described previously (Watanabe, 1990; Hikosaka, 1999). Extracellular recordings ...
... Details of the surgery and recording methods have been described previously (Watanabe, 1990; Hikosaka, 1999). Extracellular recordings ...
... In order to determine the role of NTs/NTRs in the neurodegenerative mechanisms associated to prion diseases pathogenesis, the BoTg 110, a murine model of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which overexpresses the bovine prion cellular protein, was subjected to an intracerebral inoculation with ...
Stochastic neural network dynamics: synchronisation and control
... who called it “the rule of dynamic polarisation” [12, 13]. Dendrites are branches that usually extend from one extremity of the soma and are primarily devoted to receiving electrical signals from other neurons and transporting them to the soma. Dendritic trees show extreme diversity in their shape a ...
... who called it “the rule of dynamic polarisation” [12, 13]. Dendrites are branches that usually extend from one extremity of the soma and are primarily devoted to receiving electrical signals from other neurons and transporting them to the soma. Dendritic trees show extreme diversity in their shape a ...
2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education Site Map Any use is subject to
... D) sensory neuron - interneuron in the CNS - receptor - motor neuron - effector ...
... D) sensory neuron - interneuron in the CNS - receptor - motor neuron - effector ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... Here we report the results of a comprehensive trafficking study of nerve growth factor and urotensin, a CRF family member. By quantifying and comparing trafficking routes, we show that LoC neurons can receive NGF not only by axonal transport via multisynaptic, axo-axonic synapses, but also by extrac ...
... Here we report the results of a comprehensive trafficking study of nerve growth factor and urotensin, a CRF family member. By quantifying and comparing trafficking routes, we show that LoC neurons can receive NGF not only by axonal transport via multisynaptic, axo-axonic synapses, but also by extrac ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... how much is achieved through other homeostatic mechanisms, remains unknown. There is a large literature suggesting that homeostatic mechanisms in vitro are largely cellautonomous. For example, you can block or induce synaptic scaling by manipulating the firing or molecular environment of individual ...
... how much is achieved through other homeostatic mechanisms, remains unknown. There is a large literature suggesting that homeostatic mechanisms in vitro are largely cellautonomous. For example, you can block or induce synaptic scaling by manipulating the firing or molecular environment of individual ...
Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries
... animals are injured from 2 m with a 450 g weight and the skull fracture is prevented by cementing a small stainless-steel disc on the calvaria modeling impact acceleration head injury. Using this model, our light microscopic examination showed that the vehicle- and drug-treated animals subjected to ...
... animals are injured from 2 m with a 450 g weight and the skull fracture is prevented by cementing a small stainless-steel disc on the calvaria modeling impact acceleration head injury. Using this model, our light microscopic examination showed that the vehicle- and drug-treated animals subjected to ...
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.