Fine structural analysis of extraocular muscle spindles of a two
... roprioception from human extraocular muscles (EOM) is thought to play an important role in the development of a normal binocular vision.1 Several reports attribute increasing importance to proprioceptive input from EOMs within the oculomotor system.2"'' In humans, muscle spindles are accepted to be ...
... roprioception from human extraocular muscles (EOM) is thought to play an important role in the development of a normal binocular vision.1 Several reports attribute increasing importance to proprioceptive input from EOMs within the oculomotor system.2"'' In humans, muscle spindles are accepted to be ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
Functional Organization of the Gustatory System in the Brains of
... neural connections of the gustatory system within the diencephalon and telencephalon, however, have not been fully explored. ...
... neural connections of the gustatory system within the diencephalon and telencephalon, however, have not been fully explored. ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... D Abstract- This theoretical paper describes the "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decreas ...
... D Abstract- This theoretical paper describes the "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decreas ...
view - E-LIB Bremen - Universität Bremen
... animal is presented the same stimulus. Thus, even if the synaptic state of a living organism was determined at some point in time, it will be different in the future. All these problems currently prohibit the construction of a model of C. elegans and more complex organsisms at the cellular level. Whi ...
... animal is presented the same stimulus. Thus, even if the synaptic state of a living organism was determined at some point in time, it will be different in the future. All these problems currently prohibit the construction of a model of C. elegans and more complex organsisms at the cellular level. Whi ...
Test Bank 1
... Correct: When one part of the brain adapts and adjusts to the deficits caused by problems with another part of the brain, this is known as plasticity. c. level of complexity Incorrect: Plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to adapt and adjust, not to its different levels of complexity. d. br ...
... Correct: When one part of the brain adapts and adjusts to the deficits caused by problems with another part of the brain, this is known as plasticity. c. level of complexity Incorrect: Plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to adapt and adjust, not to its different levels of complexity. d. br ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
... adrenal capsule. Three criteria were used to establish the antidromic nature (35, 37) of the responses of spinal neurons to adrenal nerve stimulation: 1) constant onset latency, 2) high following frequency, and 3) collision with spontaneous action potentials or those evoked orthodromically by stimul ...
... adrenal capsule. Three criteria were used to establish the antidromic nature (35, 37) of the responses of spinal neurons to adrenal nerve stimulation: 1) constant onset latency, 2) high following frequency, and 3) collision with spontaneous action potentials or those evoked orthodromically by stimul ...
Propofol Inhibits Neuronal Firing Activities in the Caudal
... Some neuronal firings are of high frequency and some are of low frequency. This indicates that different types of neurons exist in the CVLM and possibly display different firing patterns or functions. For example, much evidence demonstrates that projecting neurons in the CVLM can transmit electrical ...
... Some neuronal firings are of high frequency and some are of low frequency. This indicates that different types of neurons exist in the CVLM and possibly display different firing patterns or functions. For example, much evidence demonstrates that projecting neurons in the CVLM can transmit electrical ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promot ...
... Aithough evidence has suggested a dual role of the basal forebrain (BF) in arousai and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promot ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... the neurotransmitter release sites (active zone) of the presynaptic terminals, whereas NCX is excluded from these sites and present in a more dispersed fashion on the rest of the neuron (Juhaszova et al., 2000; Blaustein et al., 2002). Therefore, the PMCA may help keep active zone Ca2+ very low, and ...
... the neurotransmitter release sites (active zone) of the presynaptic terminals, whereas NCX is excluded from these sites and present in a more dispersed fashion on the rest of the neuron (Juhaszova et al., 2000; Blaustein et al., 2002). Therefore, the PMCA may help keep active zone Ca2+ very low, and ...
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational
... We analyzed cortical microcircuit models based on the laminae-specific connectivity pattern specified by two different cortical microcircuit templates. The first cortical microcircuit template assembled by Thomson et al. (2002) was estimated from paired intracellular recordings with sharp electrodes fr ...
... We analyzed cortical microcircuit models based on the laminae-specific connectivity pattern specified by two different cortical microcircuit templates. The first cortical microcircuit template assembled by Thomson et al. (2002) was estimated from paired intracellular recordings with sharp electrodes fr ...
Neocortical Very Fast Oscillations (Ripples, 80–200 Hz) During
... in Fig. 11) had this pattern, which was revealed in filtered traces. Sometimes, recordings with macroelectrodes did not show this pattern, while local field potential recorded with a micropipette or cellular recordings did (see for example Fig. 11, DC field and glial cell recordings vs. EEG). Ripple ...
... in Fig. 11) had this pattern, which was revealed in filtered traces. Sometimes, recordings with macroelectrodes did not show this pattern, while local field potential recorded with a micropipette or cellular recordings did (see for example Fig. 11, DC field and glial cell recordings vs. EEG). Ripple ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... fluorescent protein that produces pH sensitive fluorescence changes during synaptic activity. They found that odours activate a distinct group of glomeruli. The activity of projection neurons was studied by Fiala et al (2002) using cameleon – a genetically encoded calcium sensor, to monitor odour ev ...
... fluorescent protein that produces pH sensitive fluorescence changes during synaptic activity. They found that odours activate a distinct group of glomeruli. The activity of projection neurons was studied by Fiala et al (2002) using cameleon – a genetically encoded calcium sensor, to monitor odour ev ...
Fein A (2012) Nociceptors and the Perception of Pain.
... following application of the voltage pulse, the conduction velocity can easily be calculated. Many of the afferent (sensory) neurons isolated in this way respond to lowintensity mechanical or thermal stimulation, that is, stimuli that in individuals evoke an innocuous or non-painful sensation. In ad ...
... following application of the voltage pulse, the conduction velocity can easily be calculated. Many of the afferent (sensory) neurons isolated in this way respond to lowintensity mechanical or thermal stimulation, that is, stimuli that in individuals evoke an innocuous or non-painful sensation. In ad ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... molecular factors have been found to regulate spine formation (Sala et al., 2008); however, the mechanism governing spine maturation is not well understood and very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying spine pruning. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potent regulator ...
... molecular factors have been found to regulate spine formation (Sala et al., 2008); however, the mechanism governing spine maturation is not well understood and very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying spine pruning. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potent regulator ...
Chapter_014
... Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
... Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ...
PDF
... in rings (0-5 x2-3 cm) containing either 1 ml of control medium (C) (medium 199:chicken serum:buffered saline; 2:1:1, v/v) or 1 ml of medium containing NGF (N) (as C but containing 0-025 /«g ml- 1 of NGF) for periods of either 24 h (1C, IN) or 48 h (2C, 2N). The rings were waxed on to glass coversli ...
... in rings (0-5 x2-3 cm) containing either 1 ml of control medium (C) (medium 199:chicken serum:buffered saline; 2:1:1, v/v) or 1 ml of medium containing NGF (N) (as C but containing 0-025 /«g ml- 1 of NGF) for periods of either 24 h (1C, IN) or 48 h (2C, 2N). The rings were waxed on to glass coversli ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for synaptic
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
... Different types of afferent termination within the mammalian muscle spindle are known to be correlated with different ...
... Different types of afferent termination within the mammalian muscle spindle are known to be correlated with different ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... actual formation of specific synaptic connections, is the set of monosynaptic excitatory connections between muscle spindle afferent fibers and motoneurons projecting to limb muscles. These are the connections that underlie the simple myotatic stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made fro ...
... actual formation of specific synaptic connections, is the set of monosynaptic excitatory connections between muscle spindle afferent fibers and motoneurons projecting to limb muscles. These are the connections that underlie the simple myotatic stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made fro ...
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
... cells contain a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity.36 In spite of these findings, there are no other neuropeptides or transmitters that are colocalized with GALP in the ARC, suggesting that it is a unique peptide. GALP-positive fibers in the rat ARC project to several hypothalamic ...
... cells contain a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity.36 In spite of these findings, there are no other neuropeptides or transmitters that are colocalized with GALP in the ARC, suggesting that it is a unique peptide. GALP-positive fibers in the rat ARC project to several hypothalamic ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 3.2 Simulated spike trains and membrane potential of a leaky integrate-and-fire neuron. The threshold is set at 10 and indicated as a dashed line. (A) Constant input current of strength RI = 8, which is too small to elicit a spike. (B) Constant input current of strength RI = 12, strong enough t ...
... Fig. 3.2 Simulated spike trains and membrane potential of a leaky integrate-and-fire neuron. The threshold is set at 10 and indicated as a dashed line. (A) Constant input current of strength RI = 8, which is too small to elicit a spike. (B) Constant input current of strength RI = 12, strong enough t ...
1 - Test Bank
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
Peripheral nerve injuries
... C. Type of repair passes Skirven TM, Callahan AD : Therapist’s management of C. Early repair is superior to late repair; with nerve grafts, axons must regenerate across junctures. peripheral-nerve injuries. In Hunter JM, ed al, editors: Rehabilitation of the hand 5th edition, St. Louis, 2002, Mosby ...
... C. Type of repair passes Skirven TM, Callahan AD : Therapist’s management of C. Early repair is superior to late repair; with nerve grafts, axons must regenerate across junctures. peripheral-nerve injuries. In Hunter JM, ed al, editors: Rehabilitation of the hand 5th edition, St. Louis, 2002, Mosby ...
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.