Download Autonomic nervous system

CHAPTER
30
The Nervous
System
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30-2
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
30.1 Describe the general functions of the
nervous system.
30.2 Summarize the structure of a neuron.
30.3 Explain the function of nerve impulses and
the role of synapses in their transmission.
30.4 Describe the structures and functions of the
central nervous system.
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30-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
30.5 Compare the structures and functions of the
somatic and autonomic nervous systems in
the peripheral nervous system.
30.6 Recognize common tests that are performed
to determine neurologic disorders.
30.7 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms,
and treatments of various diseases and
disorders of the nervous system.
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30-4
Introduction
• Highly complex system
• Controls and helps to
maintain balance in all
other organ systems
Disorders are numerous and often
difficult to diagnose and treat
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30-5
General Functions of the Nervous System
• Central Nervous
System (CNS)
– Brain
– Spinal cord
• Peripheral
Nervous System
(PNS)
– Peripheral nerves
– Somatic nervous
system (SNS)
– Autonomic
nervous system
(ANS)
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30-6
General Functions of the Nervous System
(cont.)
• Afferent nerves ~ sensory information
• Efferent nerves ~ impulses that allow for
movement or action
• Interneurons – interpreters between
afferent and efferent nerves
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30-7
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
ANSWER:
___
B Somatic nervous system
A. Motor nerves
___
C Autonomic nervous system B. Governs skeletal or voluntary
muscles
A Afferent nerves
___
C. Governs respiratory and GI systems
E Efferent nerves
___
D. Go-betweens or interpreters
D Interneurons
___
E. Sensory nerves
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30-8
Neuron Structure
• Functional cells of
NS
• Transmit nerve
impulses to
– Other neurons
– Effectors
• Neuroglia
– Support cells for
neurons
– Astrocytes
– Microglia
– Oligodendrocytes
• Cannot divide
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30-9
Neuron Structure (cont.)
• Neurons
– Cell body
• Nucleus and organelles
• Generates proteins and
energy
– Nerve fibers ~ extend
from cell body
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30-10
Neuron Structure (cont.)
• Axons
– One per neuron
– Send nerve impulses
away from the cell body
• Dendrites
– One or more per neuron
– Receive nerve impulses
for the neuron
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30-11
Neuron Structure (cont.)
• Schwann cells
– Wrap around axons
– Membranes contain myelin
• White matter – myelin sheath
• Gray matter – no myelin sheath
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30-12
Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
ANSWER:
___
F Effectors are neurons.
They are the muscles or glands.
F Neurons can reproduce.
___
Neurons cannot reproduce.
T Astrocytes anchor blood vessels to nerve cells.
___
T Microglia act as phagocytes.
___
F Oligodendrocytes are reproductive cells.
___
They take part in
myelin production.
T Repolarization is the return to the resting state.
___
GOOD JOB!
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30-13
Nerve Impulse and Synapse
• Cell membrane potential - polarized
• Depolarized – sodium ions move into the cell
•
Action potential is created
• Repolarization
– Positive ions move out
– Returns to polarized state
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30-14
Nerve Impulse (cont.)
• Synaptic knob contains vesicles
• Neurotransmitters
– Produced in vesicles
– Released to allow impulse
transmission to
post-synaptic structures
– Functions
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30-15
Apply Your Knowledge
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
ANSWER: Neurotransmitters cause muscles to
contract or relax, cause glands to secret products,
activate neurons to send nerve impulses, or inhibit
neurons from sending them.
Right!
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30-16
Central Nervous System
• Brain and spinal cord
• Blood-brain barrier
– Protects layers of the
membranes of the CNS
– Formed by tight capillaries
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30-17
Central Nervous System (cont.)
• Meninges
– Dura mater
• Epidural space
• Subdural space
– Arachnoid mater
– Pia mater
– Subarachnoid
space ~
cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)
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30-18
Spinal Cord
• Descends through vertebral canal
• 31 spinal segments:
–
–
–
–
–
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
• Cervical enlargement
• Lumbar enlargement
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30-19
Spinal Cord (cont.)
• Gray matter
– Neuron cell bodies
and their dendrites
– Horns
• Central canal
– Center of the gray
matter
– Contains CSF
• White matter
– Myelinated axons
– Funiculi
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30-20
Spinal Cord (cont.)
• Ascending tracts – sensory
• Descending tracts – motor
• Reflexes – predictable automatic responses
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory
Neurons
Interneurons
Response
Effectors
Motor
Neurons
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30-21
Brain
• Four sections
– Cerebrum
– Diencephalon
– Brain stem
– Cerebellum
• Cerebrum
– Two hemispheres
– Corpus callosum
– Sulci
– Gyri
– Longtidtudinal
fissure
Brain
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30-22
Brain (cont.)
• Lobes – divisions of the cerebral
hemispheres
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30-23
Brain (cont.)
• Cerebral Cortex
– Gray matter
– Functions
• Sensory
information
• Body movement
• Memories
• Emotions
• Ventricles
– Interconnected
cavities within the
brain
– CSF
• Diencephalon
– Thalamus
– Hypothalamus
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30-24
Brain (cont.)
• Brain Stem
• Cerebellum
– Midbrain
– Complex body
movements
– Pons
– Medulla oblongata
– Fine muscle
movements
Brain
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30-26
Apply Your Knowledge
SUPER!
Match the following:
___
H Meninges
A. Carry motor information from brain
___
D Ascending tracts
B. Stores memories and creates emotions
___
A Descending tracts C. Grooves on the surface of the cerebrum
___
B Cerebral cortex
D. Carry sensory information to the brain
___
F Hypothalamus
E. Predictable, automatic response to stimuli
___
C Sulci
F. Maintains homeostasis
___
G Cerebellum
G. Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
___
E Reflexes
H. Protects the brain and spinal cord
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30-27
Peripheral Nervous System
• Nerves that branch off
the CNS
– Cranial nerves
– Spinal nerves
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30-28
Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory nerves
IV. Trochlear nerves
II. Optic nerves
V. Trigeminal nerves
III. Oculomotor
nerves
VI. Abducens nerves
Diagram
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30-29
Cranial Nerves (cont.)
VII. Facial nerves
X.
VIII. Vestibulocochlear XI.
nerves
IX.
Vagus nerves
Accessory
nerves
Glossopharyngeal XII. Hypoglossal
nerves
nerves
Diagram
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30-31
Spinal Nerves
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves
–
8 pairs of cervical nerves
– 12 pairs of thoracic nerves
–
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
–
5 pairs of sacral nerves
–
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
Spinal
Nerves
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30-32
Spinal Nerves (cont.)
• Dermatome
– Skin segment innervated by spinal nerve
– C1 is not associated with a dermatome
• Ventral root – axons of motor neurons
• Dorsal root
– Axons of sensory neurons
– Dorsal root ganglion ~ cell bodies of sensory
neurons
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30-33
Spinal Nerves (cont.)
• Nerve plexuses
– Cervical ~ skin and neck
– Brachial ~ arms
– Lumbosacral ~ lower abdomen, external
genitalia, buttocks, thighs, legs, and feet
– Coccygeal ~ anus and back of thighs
Spinal
Nerves
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30-35
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System
– Nerves that connect the CNS to skin and
skeletal muscle
– “Voluntary” nervous system
– Controls skeletal muscles
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30-36
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
(cont.)
• Autonomic Nervous System
– Connect the CNS to organs and other structures
– “Involuntary” nervous system
– Ganglia
Motor
neurons from
brain and
spinal cord
Motor
neurons in
ganglia
Organs
and
blood
vessels
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30-37
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
(cont.)
• Sympathetic division
– “Fight or flight”
– Prepares body for stressful or emergency
situations
– Releases norepinephrine
– Controls constriction of blood vessels
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30-38
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
(cont.)
• Parasympathetic division
– Prepares body for rest and digesting
– Controls most of the body’s organs
– Releases acetylcholine
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions are antagonistic
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30-39
Apply Your Knowledge
What is the difference between the sympathetic
and parasympathetic nervous systems?
ANSWER: The sympathetic nervous system prepares
the body for stress. It releases norepinephrine,
causing an increase in heart and respiratory rate,
slows down the GI system, and dilates pupils. The
sympathetic system also controls constriction of
blood vessels.
The parasympathetic system prepares the body for
resting and digesting. It releases acetylcholine, which
slows heart and respiratory rates, constricts pupils,
and stimulates the GI system. It has no effect on most
blood vessels.
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30-40
Neurologic Testing
• Typical neurologic examination
– State of consciousness
– Reflex activity
– Speech patterns
– Motor patterns
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30-41
Diagnostic Procedures
• Lumbar puncture
• Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
• Positron emission
tomography (PET)
scan
• Computerized
tomography (CT) scan
• Electroencephalogram
(EEG)
• X-ray
• Cerebral angiography
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30-42
Cranial Nerve Tests
• Olfactory nerve (I) –
have patient
smell various
substances
• Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI – have
patient visually track movement of finger
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30-43
Cranial Nerve Tests (cont.)
• Cranial nerve V – have patient clench
teeth, feel jaw muscles
• Cranial nerve VII – check
patient’s facial expression
• Cranial nerve XII – have
patient extend and move
tongue
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30-44
Reflex Testing
• Tests
• Terms
– Areflexia
– Biceps reflex
– Hyporeflexia
– Knee reflex
– Hyperreflexia
– Abdominal reflexes
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30-45
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
ANSWER:
C State of consciousness
___
A Reflex activity
___
D Speech patterns
___
B Motor patterns
___
A. Determines the health of
peripheral nerves
B. Loss of balance,
abnormal posture
C. Stupor, delirium,
vegetative
D. Loss of ability to form
words
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30-46
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Nervous System
• Brain and spinal cord injuries
– Causes
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Sports and recreational accidents
• Violence
– Children and teens at highest risk
– Most are preventable
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30-47
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Nervous System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Alzheimer’s
disease
Amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis
(ALS)
Progressive, degenerative
disease of the brain
Degeneration of neurons in the
spinal cord and brain; Lou
Gehrig’s disease; fatal
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30-48
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Nervous System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Bell’s palsy
Brain tumors and
cancers
Weak or paralyzed facial
muscles
Abnormal growths
Can be primary or secondary
tumors; most common –
gliomas
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30-49
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Nervous System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder Description
Epilepsy and
seizures
Occurs as a result of bursts of
electrical signals that disrupt
normal brain functioning
Guillain-Barré
Syndrome
Body’s immune system attacks
the PNS; sudden and
unexpected onset
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30-50
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Nervous System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder
Description
Headaches
Tension
Episodic or chronic
Migraines
Most severe form of headache
Cluster
Severe form of migraines;
attacks occur in groups
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30-51
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Nervous System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder
Description
Meningitis
Inflammation of meninges
Multiple sclerosis
(MS)
Chronic disease of CNS;
myelin is destroyed
Neuralgias
Disorders causing nerve pain
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30-52
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Nervous System (cont.)
Disease/Disorder
Description
Progressive and degenerative
Parkinson’s disease
motor system disorder
Sciatica
Damage to sciatic nerve
Stroke
Brain cells die because of an
inadequate blood flow; “brain
attack”
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30-53
Apply Your Knowledge
True or false:
ANSWER:
Bravo!
T Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive degenerative disease
___
of the brain.
F Epilepsy is due to degenerative neurons in the spinal cord
___
and brain. Due to a burst of electrical signals that disrupt brain function.
F Neuralgias are motor system disorders.
___
They are group of disorders referred to as nerve pain.
T Stroke occurs when brain cells die because of inadequate
___
blood flow.
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30-54
In Summary
30.1
The central nervous system is composed of the
brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous
system consists of the peripheral nerves located
throughout the body.
Three types of neurons carry out the functions of the
nervous system: the afferent (sensory) nerves detect
sensation or other stimuli from the body or
environment and bring it to the CNS for
interpretation, the efferent (motor) nerves produce
movement or other functions at the direction of the
CNS, and the interpretive interneurons act as
“interpreters” between the afferent and efferent
nerves.
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30-55
In Summary (cont.)
30.2 All neurons are composed of a cell body, the
shorter and more numerous dendrites that
receive information for the cell body, and the
longer axons that function to bring impulses
from the cell body to the dendrite of the next
neuron.
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30-56
In Summary (cont.)
30.3
Nerve impulses send information either from the
CNS to the PNS or vice versa.
A synapse is the space between the axon of one
neuron and the dendrite of the next.
At the end of each axon is the synaptic knob,
which contains vesicles that produce
neurotransmitters.
These are released by the synaptic bulb to allow
impulse transmission to continue to the next neuron.
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30-57
In Summary (cont.)
30.4
The brain consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon,
brain stem, and cerebellum. Other structures include
the blood-brain barrier and the meninges.
The spinal cord consists of 31 spinal segments. The
basic function of the spinal cord is to carry sensory
information to the brain and motor information to the
muscles and glands of the body.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is located within the
subarachnoid space and the central canal of the
spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord.
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30-58
In Summary (cont.)
30.5
The somatic nervous system connects the CNS to
the skin and skeletal muscle (voluntary functions).
The autonomic nervous system connects the CNS to
the internal organs (involuntary functions).
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the
sympathetic system, which prepares the body for
“fight or flight” (stressful) situations, and the
parasympathetic system, which is the body’s
everyday “resting” system for normal situations.
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30-59
In Summary (cont.)
30.6
Tests commonly used to determine neurologic
disorders include tests of the reflexes and cranial
nerves, as well as diagnostic procedures such as
lumbar puncture, MRI, PET, cerebral angiography,
CT scan, EEG, and X-ray.
30.7
Many types of diseases and disorders are related to
the nervous system.
The signs, symptoms, and treatments of these
diseases are as varied as the diseases themselves.
Many of the more common diseases are included in
the pathophysiology section at the end of this
chapter.
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30-60
End of Chapter 30
Activity of the nervous system
improves the capacity for
activity, just as exercising a
muscle makes it stronger.”
~ Dr. Ralph Gerard
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