A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... Statistical analysis. Input resistance was calculated from the slope of the current–voltage relationship using three points centered around zero current (⫾10 pA for Type I interneurons and ⫾160 pA for Type II interneurons). All action potential parameters were measured from spontaneous spikes if the ...
... Statistical analysis. Input resistance was calculated from the slope of the current–voltage relationship using three points centered around zero current (⫾10 pA for Type I interneurons and ⫾160 pA for Type II interneurons). All action potential parameters were measured from spontaneous spikes if the ...
Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... and emission filters and the dichroic mirror were selected according to the excitation and emission spectra of Calcium Green 1. To improve collection efficiency, fluorescent light from the cells was collected by high numerical aperture (n.a.) water-immersion objectives (⫻20 or ⫻40; Fluo; Nikon), whi ...
... and emission filters and the dichroic mirror were selected according to the excitation and emission spectra of Calcium Green 1. To improve collection efficiency, fluorescent light from the cells was collected by high numerical aperture (n.a.) water-immersion objectives (⫻20 or ⫻40; Fluo; Nikon), whi ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... et al., 1990; Ohzawa, 1998), and it is simple to envisage a mechanism that generates selectivity for absolute disparities (by receiving equivalent input from different locations on the two retinae). Although almost all physiological data in V1 are compatible with a representation of absolute dispari ...
... et al., 1990; Ohzawa, 1998), and it is simple to envisage a mechanism that generates selectivity for absolute disparities (by receiving equivalent input from different locations on the two retinae). Although almost all physiological data in V1 are compatible with a representation of absolute dispari ...
Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
... It could be possible (with no certainty) that the neural mechanisms which are involved in RI phenomenon, are similar to (or overlap with) those that cause generation of tinnitus (Roberts, 2007). By accepting aforesaid hypothesis, understanding neural mechanisms involved in RI can create a new horizo ...
... It could be possible (with no certainty) that the neural mechanisms which are involved in RI phenomenon, are similar to (or overlap with) those that cause generation of tinnitus (Roberts, 2007). By accepting aforesaid hypothesis, understanding neural mechanisms involved in RI can create a new horizo ...
Leptin Signaling in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii
... increase SNA in Zucker obese rats that have a missense mutation in the leptin receptor that renders the leptin receptor dysfunctional, indicating that the renal SNA responses to NTS leptin in the Sprague-Dawley and Zucker lean control rats were leptin receptor mediated. Injection of leptin into the ...
... increase SNA in Zucker obese rats that have a missense mutation in the leptin receptor that renders the leptin receptor dysfunctional, indicating that the renal SNA responses to NTS leptin in the Sprague-Dawley and Zucker lean control rats were leptin receptor mediated. Injection of leptin into the ...
GLAUCOMA
... 95% of people with elevated IOP will never have the damage associated with glaucoma. One-third of patients with glaucoma do not have elevated IOP. Most of the ocular findings that occur in people with glaucoma also occur in people without glaucoma. ...
... 95% of people with elevated IOP will never have the damage associated with glaucoma. One-third of patients with glaucoma do not have elevated IOP. Most of the ocular findings that occur in people with glaucoma also occur in people without glaucoma. ...
Neuro-Opthalmology (Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 40)
... global layer MIFs. Palisade endings are unique to eye muscles, and have been found in all mammalian species investigated up to now. The function of palisade endings is uncertain, but it is possible that they are ‘sensory receptors’. Motoneurons innervating the eye muscles lie in the oculomotor, troc ...
... global layer MIFs. Palisade endings are unique to eye muscles, and have been found in all mammalian species investigated up to now. The function of palisade endings is uncertain, but it is possible that they are ‘sensory receptors’. Motoneurons innervating the eye muscles lie in the oculomotor, troc ...
Thomas C. Südhof - Nobel Lecture Slides
... Syt1 KO neurons, but with distinct properties – whereas Syt7 does NOT rescueXu et al., Neuron 2007 ...
... Syt1 KO neurons, but with distinct properties – whereas Syt7 does NOT rescueXu et al., Neuron 2007 ...
Targeting of Monomer/Misfolded SOD1 as a Therapeutic Strategy for
... course of disease compared with mice injected with saline-CFA (Fig. 1C). Footprint analyses using hindlimb stride length as an index of motor function was also performed. Mice vaccinated with SEDI peptide had significant improvements in walking patterns compared with controls (Fig. 1D,E). Mice were ...
... course of disease compared with mice injected with saline-CFA (Fig. 1C). Footprint analyses using hindlimb stride length as an index of motor function was also performed. Mice vaccinated with SEDI peptide had significant improvements in walking patterns compared with controls (Fig. 1D,E). Mice were ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... Before describing the projections of the BMA, it is important to consider the boundaries adopted here for the nucleus and its two parts because they have not been defined precisely or consistently by earlier workers, and different nomenclatures have been used. The BMA, as defined here, is present th ...
... Before describing the projections of the BMA, it is important to consider the boundaries adopted here for the nucleus and its two parts because they have not been defined precisely or consistently by earlier workers, and different nomenclatures have been used. The BMA, as defined here, is present th ...
An investigation of the sensory and motor innervation of extraocular
... Analogous to the study in monkey, the SIF and MIF motoneurons of the medial and lateral rectus muscle of rats were identified with tracer injections and further characterized by immunolabelling. For the first time it was shown that both motoneurons types are present in rat as well. The MIF motoneuro ...
... Analogous to the study in monkey, the SIF and MIF motoneurons of the medial and lateral rectus muscle of rats were identified with tracer injections and further characterized by immunolabelling. For the first time it was shown that both motoneurons types are present in rat as well. The MIF motoneuro ...
By ON THE ROLE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS IN THE CONTROL... VISUALLY-GUIDED SACCADES
... and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was strongly dependant on the spatial representation and interaction of visual and saccade related signals in the SC. Together, these findings provide novel insight into the neural m ...
... and saccadic preparation interact within the SC to influence saccadic reaction time. I concluded that saccade latency was strongly dependant on the spatial representation and interaction of visual and saccade related signals in the SC. Together, these findings provide novel insight into the neural m ...
Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... NEU 13. Describe the functional role of myelin in promoting saltatory conduction, contrasting the differences between the CNS and PNS. NEU 14. Describe the basis for the calculation of the space constant and time constant of neuron process. NEU 15. Define membrane capacitance and identify how membra ...
... NEU 13. Describe the functional role of myelin in promoting saltatory conduction, contrasting the differences between the CNS and PNS. NEU 14. Describe the basis for the calculation of the space constant and time constant of neuron process. NEU 15. Define membrane capacitance and identify how membra ...
Biliary Physiology
... absorptive capacity of the gallbladder. It rapidly absorbs sodium, chloride, and water against significant concentration gradients, concentrating the bile 10-fold and leading to a marked change in bile composition. This rapid absorption is one mechanism that prevents a rise in pressure within the bil ...
... absorptive capacity of the gallbladder. It rapidly absorbs sodium, chloride, and water against significant concentration gradients, concentrating the bile 10-fold and leading to a marked change in bile composition. This rapid absorption is one mechanism that prevents a rise in pressure within the bil ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... that tanycytes transcytose and deliver NGF to LoC neurons via synaptoid contacts. The LoC-associated tanycytes express both p75 and trkA receptors. The NGF extracted by tanycytes from the CSF has physiological effects on LoC neurons, as evidenced by significantly altered nuclear diameters in both ga ...
... that tanycytes transcytose and deliver NGF to LoC neurons via synaptoid contacts. The LoC-associated tanycytes express both p75 and trkA receptors. The NGF extracted by tanycytes from the CSF has physiological effects on LoC neurons, as evidenced by significantly altered nuclear diameters in both ga ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... Unfortunately, STN DBS has not only positive effects on the motor symptoms, but also affects mood and cognition in a substantial number of patients (Berney, et al., 2002, Piasecki and Jefferson, 2004, Saint-Cyr, et al., 2000, Smeding, et al., 2006, Temel, et al., 2006, Witt, et al., 2008). These unw ...
... Unfortunately, STN DBS has not only positive effects on the motor symptoms, but also affects mood and cognition in a substantial number of patients (Berney, et al., 2002, Piasecki and Jefferson, 2004, Saint-Cyr, et al., 2000, Smeding, et al., 2006, Temel, et al., 2006, Witt, et al., 2008). These unw ...
Organization of the Olfactory and Respiratory Skeleton in the Nose
... discovery that an order of magnitude more genes code for olfactory odorant receptors (ORs) in the mouse (Mus musculus) than in any other chordate yet sampled. G-protein-coupled ORs in the nose are encoded by nearly 1000 genes. They comprise between 1 and 5% of the total mouse genome and form its lar ...
... discovery that an order of magnitude more genes code for olfactory odorant receptors (ORs) in the mouse (Mus musculus) than in any other chordate yet sampled. G-protein-coupled ORs in the nose are encoded by nearly 1000 genes. They comprise between 1 and 5% of the total mouse genome and form its lar ...
Longtin - noise in neural systems
... In physiology, an important source of noise consists of conductance fluctuations of ionic channels, due to the (apparently) random times at which they open and close. There are many other sources of noise associated with channels (DeFelice 1981). In a nerve cell, noise from synaptic events can be mor ...
... In physiology, an important source of noise consists of conductance fluctuations of ionic channels, due to the (apparently) random times at which they open and close. There are many other sources of noise associated with channels (DeFelice 1981). In a nerve cell, noise from synaptic events can be mor ...
Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... whether the head is restrained or not). Neurons in the deeper layers of the SC are organized topographically into a motor map coding gaze shift direction and amplitude (Robinson 1972). Small-amplitude gaze shifts encoded in the rostral SC are generally accomplished by eye movements alone, whereas la ...
... whether the head is restrained or not). Neurons in the deeper layers of the SC are organized topographically into a motor map coding gaze shift direction and amplitude (Robinson 1972). Small-amplitude gaze shifts encoded in the rostral SC are generally accomplished by eye movements alone, whereas la ...
SOP #11 Acoustic Startle and Pre
... The SR-LAB system (San Diego Instruments) recommended for these protocols comprises from one to eight lighted and ventilated chambers, each containing a stabilimeter consisting of an 8.2-cm diameter Plexiglas cylinder mounted on a Plexiglas base. A tweeter mounted 24 cm above the animal provides th ...
... The SR-LAB system (San Diego Instruments) recommended for these protocols comprises from one to eight lighted and ventilated chambers, each containing a stabilimeter consisting of an 8.2-cm diameter Plexiglas cylinder mounted on a Plexiglas base. A tweeter mounted 24 cm above the animal provides th ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... Within each region, neurons are connected to each other to form neural circuits of bewildering complexity. To function in such circuits, each neuron must receive and process information entering from one set of neurons and then relay signals to other neurons in the circuit. The neuronal processes of ...
... Within each region, neurons are connected to each other to form neural circuits of bewildering complexity. To function in such circuits, each neuron must receive and process information entering from one set of neurons and then relay signals to other neurons in the circuit. The neuronal processes of ...
Kaczkurkin_umn_0130E_14221
... A third process by which resistance to extinction could occur was proposed by Eysenck (1976), who suggested the “incubation of fear” theory. According to this account, the CR creates an internal state of fear that functions as the US, thereby impeding extinction. Specifically, Eysenck suggests that ...
... A third process by which resistance to extinction could occur was proposed by Eysenck (1976), who suggested the “incubation of fear” theory. According to this account, the CR creates an internal state of fear that functions as the US, thereby impeding extinction. Specifically, Eysenck suggests that ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
... VI) was placed into the electrode and allowed to diffuse into the tips for 24 h. These electrodes were bevelled just before recording to impedances of 80–120 MV. In cases where stable intra-axonal penetrations with resting membrane potentials more negative than 040 mV were maintained from well-chara ...
... VI) was placed into the electrode and allowed to diffuse into the tips for 24 h. These electrodes were bevelled just before recording to impedances of 80–120 MV. In cases where stable intra-axonal penetrations with resting membrane potentials more negative than 040 mV were maintained from well-chara ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... • Almost all of the studies have been open label and have not had rigidly defined inclusion criteria. • Standardized outcome measures of postural instability freezing of gait and falls are needed • The variability in outcomes may be due to the mix of clinical patient types, differences in surg ...
... • Almost all of the studies have been open label and have not had rigidly defined inclusion criteria. • Standardized outcome measures of postural instability freezing of gait and falls are needed • The variability in outcomes may be due to the mix of clinical patient types, differences in surg ...
Different Orientation Tuning of Near- and Far
... al., 1999; Girard et al., 2001) of intra-V1 horizontal axons, instead, suggest they contribute only to near-surround modulation. Surround suppression in the LGN (Sceniak et al., 2006; Alitto and Usrey, 2008) also contributes to near-surround suppression in V1 (Ozeki et al., 2004). In human vision, s ...
... al., 1999; Girard et al., 2001) of intra-V1 horizontal axons, instead, suggest they contribute only to near-surround modulation. Surround suppression in the LGN (Sceniak et al., 2006; Alitto and Usrey, 2008) also contributes to near-surround suppression in V1 (Ozeki et al., 2004). In human vision, s ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.