Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... effect of training, i.e., the LI, is the temporal relationship between CS and US. The inter stimulus interval (ISI) expresses the relative timing between CS and US. It is the time between onset of the electric shock1 and onset of the odor stimulus (see Fig. 1, upper left part for an illustration). P ...
... effect of training, i.e., the LI, is the temporal relationship between CS and US. The inter stimulus interval (ISI) expresses the relative timing between CS and US. It is the time between onset of the electric shock1 and onset of the odor stimulus (see Fig. 1, upper left part for an illustration). P ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... splanchnic nerve increases insulin levels, suggesting that the sympathetic nervous system exerts a tonic inhibition of the endocrine pancreas. Taken together, these findings indicate that the overall effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation is to maintain glycemic levels during stressful con ...
... splanchnic nerve increases insulin levels, suggesting that the sympathetic nervous system exerts a tonic inhibition of the endocrine pancreas. Taken together, these findings indicate that the overall effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation is to maintain glycemic levels during stressful con ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... as the central organ of thought. Aristotle (384-323 BC) laid what is now regarded as the foundations of comparative anatomy. He also conjectured that the mind and the body were merely two aspects of the same entity, the mind being one of the body’s functions. His views were further developed by Gale ...
... as the central organ of thought. Aristotle (384-323 BC) laid what is now regarded as the foundations of comparative anatomy. He also conjectured that the mind and the body were merely two aspects of the same entity, the mind being one of the body’s functions. His views were further developed by Gale ...
Wasp Voodoo Rituals, Venom-Cocktails, and the Zombification of Cockroach Hosts SYMPOSIUM Frederic Libersat
... through the protective ganglionic sheath of these two head ganglia (the cockroach’s ‘‘brain’’), such that venom is injected directly onto the neuronal targets. However, how can such a precise venom injection be achieved? ...
... through the protective ganglionic sheath of these two head ganglia (the cockroach’s ‘‘brain’’), such that venom is injected directly onto the neuronal targets. However, how can such a precise venom injection be achieved? ...
18-joints
... • In most joints, it is the major factor controlling stability. • The short muscles around the shoulder joint keeps the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid cavity. ...
... • In most joints, it is the major factor controlling stability. • The short muscles around the shoulder joint keeps the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid cavity. ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... variable latency and could sometimes evoke a single action potential in the recorded cell (Fig. 2 A). A second response observed in 37 (29%) of the GnRH neurons was attributable to the direct activation of their cell body or dendrite by the stimulating electrode. In this case, a very large current ( ...
... variable latency and could sometimes evoke a single action potential in the recorded cell (Fig. 2 A). A second response observed in 37 (29%) of the GnRH neurons was attributable to the direct activation of their cell body or dendrite by the stimulating electrode. In this case, a very large current ( ...
Neural Control - International Continence Society
... acute studies with internal controls are more common. Within this chapter we intend to be selective and report scientific evidence that has appropriate controls and achieves statistical significance. Other categories of evidence, e.g. uncontrolled studies, inadequate statistical support, anecdotal i ...
... acute studies with internal controls are more common. Within this chapter we intend to be selective and report scientific evidence that has appropriate controls and achieves statistical significance. Other categories of evidence, e.g. uncontrolled studies, inadequate statistical support, anecdotal i ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... paid to ”waxing and waning ” wave of frequency around 13 Hz. The first commonly accepted definition of that structure — sleep spindle — was given by Rechtschaffen and Kales (1968) [65]: “The presence of a sleep spindle should not be defined unless it is of at least 0.5sec duration, i.e., one should ...
... paid to ”waxing and waning ” wave of frequency around 13 Hz. The first commonly accepted definition of that structure — sleep spindle — was given by Rechtschaffen and Kales (1968) [65]: “The presence of a sleep spindle should not be defined unless it is of at least 0.5sec duration, i.e., one should ...
superior Medullary Velum
... Vascularization of the superior medullary velum with the interpeduncular fossa, cerebral peduncle, midbrain, cerebellar cortex, inferior colliculus, lingula and vermis is reported to be from the vermian artery originating from the posterior cerebral artery (25). We did not study the vascular anatomy ...
... Vascularization of the superior medullary velum with the interpeduncular fossa, cerebral peduncle, midbrain, cerebellar cortex, inferior colliculus, lingula and vermis is reported to be from the vermian artery originating from the posterior cerebral artery (25). We did not study the vascular anatomy ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... When we listen to a friend in a noisy café, the segregation between information and noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortic ...
... When we listen to a friend in a noisy café, the segregation between information and noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortic ...
Independent Functions of Slit–Robo Repulsion and Netrin– Frazzled
... commissural axons toward and across the midline, whereas Slit signals through Robo family receptors to prevent commissural axons from recrossing the midline, as well as to prevent ipsilateral axons from ever crossing. Recent evidence from both Xenopus neuronal cell culture and Drosophila genetics ha ...
... commissural axons toward and across the midline, whereas Slit signals through Robo family receptors to prevent commissural axons from recrossing the midline, as well as to prevent ipsilateral axons from ever crossing. Recent evidence from both Xenopus neuronal cell culture and Drosophila genetics ha ...
The Role of Kv7 in Peripheral Neurons
... Peripheral myelinated and unmyelinated axons The axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into two broad classes the myelinated and the unmyelinated axons. The myelinated axons are organized into several domains - the node of Ranvier, the paranode, the juxtaparanode, and the inter ...
... Peripheral myelinated and unmyelinated axons The axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) can be divided into two broad classes the myelinated and the unmyelinated axons. The myelinated axons are organized into several domains - the node of Ranvier, the paranode, the juxtaparanode, and the inter ...
ATLAS OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
... This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the pub ...
... This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the pub ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... until all sections had sunk to the bottom of the glass vial. The freezing process was then repeated for all of the sections and the sections were thawed with room temperature 0.1 M PB. All of the sections were then washed in 0.1 M PB twice and three times in PBS and incubated in PBS containing 10% N ...
... until all sections had sunk to the bottom of the glass vial. The freezing process was then repeated for all of the sections and the sections were thawed with room temperature 0.1 M PB. All of the sections were then washed in 0.1 M PB twice and three times in PBS and incubated in PBS containing 10% N ...
The central nervous system.
... a few receptor types.168 Furthermore, olfactory receptor cells characterized by such a limited set of receptor types are distributed evenly all over the mucosa.169 Thus, if each set of evenly distributed sensory cells characterized by few receptor types were to be identical to one set of sensory cel ...
... a few receptor types.168 Furthermore, olfactory receptor cells characterized by such a limited set of receptor types are distributed evenly all over the mucosa.169 Thus, if each set of evenly distributed sensory cells characterized by few receptor types were to be identical to one set of sensory cel ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... administration. We observed that this increase in the FR above baseline was fairly constant and independent of the basal FR as tested by alteration of the FR using hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current injection. The effect of application CRH antagonists or channel blockers such as TTX, apamin, B ...
... administration. We observed that this increase in the FR above baseline was fairly constant and independent of the basal FR as tested by alteration of the FR using hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current injection. The effect of application CRH antagonists or channel blockers such as TTX, apamin, B ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... depolarization. Single-fiber EPSPs can also be analyzed for quanta1 fluctuations, thereby separating presynaptic effects from postsynaptic changes during alterations in synaptic strength. These types of analyses have been pursued at the monosynaptic connection formed between a single group Ia axon a ...
... depolarization. Single-fiber EPSPs can also be analyzed for quanta1 fluctuations, thereby separating presynaptic effects from postsynaptic changes during alterations in synaptic strength. These types of analyses have been pursued at the monosynaptic connection formed between a single group Ia axon a ...
MUSCLES INVOLVED IN RESPIRATION
... • In most joints, it is the major factor controlling stability. • The short muscles around the shoulder joint keeps the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid cavity. ...
... • In most joints, it is the major factor controlling stability. • The short muscles around the shoulder joint keeps the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid cavity. ...
Filamentous contacts: the ultrastructure and three
... two dendrites, two somata or a dendrite and a soma; asymmetrical filamentous contacts occur between axon terminals and dendrites, or occasionally somata, chiefly between the large specific afferent axon terminals of the synaptic glomeruli and the shafts of relay cell dendrites. Both are arranged as ...
... two dendrites, two somata or a dendrite and a soma; asymmetrical filamentous contacts occur between axon terminals and dendrites, or occasionally somata, chiefly between the large specific afferent axon terminals of the synaptic glomeruli and the shafts of relay cell dendrites. Both are arranged as ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... hubs mounted on the skull. The recording electrode was lowered into the IC, and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode was lowered until it came into contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. Immediately after electrode placement, mice were returned to their home cage in a sound-attenuated Faraday chamber. Mic ...
... hubs mounted on the skull. The recording electrode was lowered into the IC, and the Ag/AgCl reference electrode was lowered until it came into contact with the cerebrospinal fluid. Immediately after electrode placement, mice were returned to their home cage in a sound-attenuated Faraday chamber. Mic ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
... were conducted at −60 mV. The average frequency of sEPSCs was 3.5 ± 0.7 Hz (range from 0.7 to 6.5 Hz, n = 8). After bath application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude ...
... were conducted at −60 mV. The average frequency of sEPSCs was 3.5 ± 0.7 Hz (range from 0.7 to 6.5 Hz, n = 8). After bath application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude ...
Central nervous system control of the laryngeal muscles in humans
... movements are required: maximally open during sniff; open during inhalation; less open during exhalation; partially open (paramedian) during voiceless consonants such as /s/; closed in the midline for vocal fold vibration during voice production; elongated for high pitched voicing and singing; tight ...
... movements are required: maximally open during sniff; open during inhalation; less open during exhalation; partially open (paramedian) during voiceless consonants such as /s/; closed in the midline for vocal fold vibration during voice production; elongated for high pitched voicing and singing; tight ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
... (Pazour et al., 2002; Yoder et al., 2002), where they function in a mechanosensory capacity (Nauli et al., 2003). ADPKD is one of a number of human genetic diseases that are rooted in defects in cilia formation, maintenance, or function (Pazour, 2004; Pazour and Rosenbaum, 2002; Watnick and Germino, ...
... (Pazour et al., 2002; Yoder et al., 2002), where they function in a mechanosensory capacity (Nauli et al., 2003). ADPKD is one of a number of human genetic diseases that are rooted in defects in cilia formation, maintenance, or function (Pazour, 2004; Pazour and Rosenbaum, 2002; Watnick and Germino, ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.