Early and Rapid Targeting of Eye-Specific Axonal Projections to the
... animal’s menstrual cycle over 6 consecutive months, (2) dividing this average cycle length by 2, and (3) subtracting 2 d from this value. Animals were paired with a breeder male from 2 d before until 2 d after this optimal breeding day. This allows the gestational age of the fetus to be determined w ...
... animal’s menstrual cycle over 6 consecutive months, (2) dividing this average cycle length by 2, and (3) subtracting 2 d from this value. Animals were paired with a breeder male from 2 d before until 2 d after this optimal breeding day. This allows the gestational age of the fetus to be determined w ...
spinal nerve
... Functional groups of interconnected neurons (interneurons) Each with limited input sources and output ...
... Functional groups of interconnected neurons (interneurons) Each with limited input sources and output ...
spinal nerve - Napa Valley College
... Through interconnected sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons Produce simple and complex reflexes ...
... Through interconnected sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons Produce simple and complex reflexes ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
Common Mechanisms Underlying Growth Cone Guidance and Axon
... changes in growth cone morphology and behavior may be manifested at decision regions related to target recognition or branch points. Growth cones in fixed tissue were shown to exhibit dramatic differences in their morphologies, depending on their locations. In tracts and pathways simple forms predom ...
... changes in growth cone morphology and behavior may be manifested at decision regions related to target recognition or branch points. Growth cones in fixed tissue were shown to exhibit dramatic differences in their morphologies, depending on their locations. In tracts and pathways simple forms predom ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... mM PB, pH 7.4, containing either 4% paraformaldehyde or 1% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Slices containing biocytinfilled neurons that were destined for lightmicroscopic analysis only, were processed using a modified protocol described previously (Lübke et al., 2000). Slices were incuba ...
... mM PB, pH 7.4, containing either 4% paraformaldehyde or 1% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Slices containing biocytinfilled neurons that were destined for lightmicroscopic analysis only, were processed using a modified protocol described previously (Lübke et al., 2000). Slices were incuba ...
Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... pupal stage. In addition, some larval neurons that persist into adulthood withdraw their larval processes and extend new adultspecific processes during metamorphosis (Truman, 1990). Most MB neurons persist through metamorphosis and thus it is important to determine how MB neurons born at different s ...
... pupal stage. In addition, some larval neurons that persist into adulthood withdraw their larval processes and extend new adultspecific processes during metamorphosis (Truman, 1990). Most MB neurons persist through metamorphosis and thus it is important to determine how MB neurons born at different s ...
Spatially and Functionally Distinct Roles of the PI3
... levels. Representative results from three independent experiments are shown. DA, distal axons; CB, cell bodies. ...
... levels. Representative results from three independent experiments are shown. DA, distal axons; CB, cell bodies. ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... Arrows to the left of each histogram indicate direction of significant change in firing rate in response to central (C) and peripheral (P) chemoreceptor stimulation: increase ("), decrease (#) or no change (!); see §2 for significance tests. Firing rates shown on the right refer to the tallest bin ( ...
... Arrows to the left of each histogram indicate direction of significant change in firing rate in response to central (C) and peripheral (P) chemoreceptor stimulation: increase ("), decrease (#) or no change (!); see §2 for significance tests. Firing rates shown on the right refer to the tallest bin ( ...
Stimulation of GABAergic neurons of the lateral septum and its effect
... reinforce interactions with stimuli. Early studies of the LS showed that rats engaged in selfstimulation when electrodes were placed on their LS (Olds & Milner, 1954). This led to studies that focused on understanding the lateral hypothalamus projections that terminate on the dopaminergic neurons of ...
... reinforce interactions with stimuli. Early studies of the LS showed that rats engaged in selfstimulation when electrodes were placed on their LS (Olds & Milner, 1954). This led to studies that focused on understanding the lateral hypothalamus projections that terminate on the dopaminergic neurons of ...
Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... to move in a goal-directed fashion into a specific final posture regardless of the initial posture. Second, the stimulationevoked movements of the arm and hand were organized across the cortex in a rough topographic map. Stimulation of ventral sites within the arm representation resulted in hand loc ...
... to move in a goal-directed fashion into a specific final posture regardless of the initial posture. Second, the stimulationevoked movements of the arm and hand were organized across the cortex in a rough topographic map. Stimulation of ventral sites within the arm representation resulted in hand loc ...
UNIT I The cell and general physiology
... without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.else ...
... without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.else ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... reversal potential, because then the effect of synaptic input was always hyperpolarizing during the time course of an active potential and its repolarization. Second, the ratio between the synaptic decay time constant (τsyn ) and the oscillation period had to be sufficiently large, because with smal ...
... reversal potential, because then the effect of synaptic input was always hyperpolarizing during the time course of an active potential and its repolarization. Second, the ratio between the synaptic decay time constant (τsyn ) and the oscillation period had to be sufficiently large, because with smal ...
Mechanisms of axon degeneration: From development to disease
... Recent mechanistic studies of axon degeneration have highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the ...
... Recent mechanistic studies of axon degeneration have highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the ...
Distinguishing intrinsic from extrinsic factors underlying firing rate
... units. J Neurophysiol 113: 1310 –1322, 2015. First published December 4, 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00777.2014.—During voluntary contraction, firing rates of individual motor units (MUs) increase modestly over a narrow force range beyond which little additional increase in firing rate is seen. Such satura ...
... units. J Neurophysiol 113: 1310 –1322, 2015. First published December 4, 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00777.2014.—During voluntary contraction, firing rates of individual motor units (MUs) increase modestly over a narrow force range beyond which little additional increase in firing rate is seen. Such satura ...
response preparation and inhibition: the role of the
... no interdependence. Performing such random pairing with many different permutations will result in the null-hypothesis distribution for the interdependence quantity of interest from which a threshold ...
... no interdependence. Performing such random pairing with many different permutations will result in the null-hypothesis distribution for the interdependence quantity of interest from which a threshold ...
Fluctuations in Perceptual Decisions Panagiota Theodoni
... word in science. How could we study subjectivity objectively? This was the main obstacle, since objectivation is a “pillar” of science, although debatable (Schrödinger 1967). The bridge to this gap came, in the second half of 19th century, from Franz Brentano who suggested three different forms of c ...
... word in science. How could we study subjectivity objectively? This was the main obstacle, since objectivation is a “pillar” of science, although debatable (Schrödinger 1967). The bridge to this gap came, in the second half of 19th century, from Franz Brentano who suggested three different forms of c ...
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... some of the most exciting biophysical and structural studies in all of biology in the past two decades. Much of this work has focused on the Kv channel ␣ subunits, which from a molecular standpoint are more amenable to structure-function analyses than are the larger Nav ␣ and Cav ␣1 subunits (187, 2 ...
... some of the most exciting biophysical and structural studies in all of biology in the past two decades. Much of this work has focused on the Kv channel ␣ subunits, which from a molecular standpoint are more amenable to structure-function analyses than are the larger Nav ␣ and Cav ␣1 subunits (187, 2 ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Electrophysiolog y. All experimental procedures were in accordance with the C anadian Council on Animal C are policy on the use and care of laboratory animals and approved by the Queen’s University Animal C are Committee. Surgical, electrophysiological, and data acquisition methods were described pr ...
... Electrophysiolog y. All experimental procedures were in accordance with the C anadian Council on Animal C are policy on the use and care of laboratory animals and approved by the Queen’s University Animal C are Committee. Surgical, electrophysiological, and data acquisition methods were described pr ...
Optical quantal analysis of synaptic transmission in wild
... These studies, in cell culture and in brain slice, show that release probabilities of different presynaptic boutons vary over a wide range and that short-term plasticity modulates transmission properties independently at each bouton. Although much has been revealed by these approaches, a straightfor ...
... These studies, in cell culture and in brain slice, show that release probabilities of different presynaptic boutons vary over a wide range and that short-term plasticity modulates transmission properties independently at each bouton. Although much has been revealed by these approaches, a straightfor ...
morphology and synaptic connections of ultrafine primary axons
... are strung numerous small closely spaced ultrafine endings. The endings vary in shape from spherical to highly elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine axon is a group of two to five or more of the smallest sp ...
... are strung numerous small closely spaced ultrafine endings. The endings vary in shape from spherical to highly elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine axon is a group of two to five or more of the smallest sp ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... were utilized for light microscopy. Housing and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with United States Department of Agriculture and National Institutes of Health guidelines and with approval of the University of Pittsburgh’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Monkeys were ...
... were utilized for light microscopy. Housing and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with United States Department of Agriculture and National Institutes of Health guidelines and with approval of the University of Pittsburgh’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Monkeys were ...
Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation
... Methods: This review article draws primarily from the peer-reviewed literature available on Medline. Several textbook publications and reports are referenced. A theoretical model is presented describing the relationships between spinal manipulation, segmental biomechanics, the nervous system and end ...
... Methods: This review article draws primarily from the peer-reviewed literature available on Medline. Several textbook publications and reports are referenced. A theoretical model is presented describing the relationships between spinal manipulation, segmental biomechanics, the nervous system and end ...
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... relatively low threshold for tactile stimuli. These cells are exteroceptors in that they are activated when an object touches the biting surface of the food-grasping organ in Aplysia, the radula (Miller et al., 1994; Rosen et al., 2000b). [Similar mechanoafferents have been described in other mollus ...
... relatively low threshold for tactile stimuli. These cells are exteroceptors in that they are activated when an object touches the biting surface of the food-grasping organ in Aplysia, the radula (Miller et al., 1994; Rosen et al., 2000b). [Similar mechanoafferents have been described in other mollus ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.