F-Spondin Is Required for Accurate Pathfinding of Commissural
... turning of commissural axons before reaching the floor plate, whereas neutralizing antibody (Ab) injections caused lateral turning at the contralateral floor plate boundary. These combined in vitro and in vivo results suggest that F-spondin is required to prevent the lateral drifting of the commissu ...
... turning of commissural axons before reaching the floor plate, whereas neutralizing antibody (Ab) injections caused lateral turning at the contralateral floor plate boundary. These combined in vitro and in vivo results suggest that F-spondin is required to prevent the lateral drifting of the commissu ...
Convergence in Mammalian Nucleus of Solitary Tract During
... Complete receptive field data were collected from Suffolk sheep in 3 age groups: 12 fetuses aged 126-136 d of gestation (term = 147 d), 8 perinatal sheep aged 145 d of gestation to 9 d postnatal, and 18 lambs aged 29-58 d postnatal. Throughout this report, animals in these age groups will be referre ...
... Complete receptive field data were collected from Suffolk sheep in 3 age groups: 12 fetuses aged 126-136 d of gestation (term = 147 d), 8 perinatal sheep aged 145 d of gestation to 9 d postnatal, and 18 lambs aged 29-58 d postnatal. Throughout this report, animals in these age groups will be referre ...
Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour
... function in seconds and show signs of structural damage after only 2 minutes2. As energy-dependent processes fail, neurons are unable to maintain their normal transmembrane ionic gradients, resulting in an ion and water imbalance that leads to apoptotic and necrotic cell death cascades1,3 and, ultim ...
... function in seconds and show signs of structural damage after only 2 minutes2. As energy-dependent processes fail, neurons are unable to maintain their normal transmembrane ionic gradients, resulting in an ion and water imbalance that leads to apoptotic and necrotic cell death cascades1,3 and, ultim ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... kHz) and synaptic events were detected using a threshold (within 23 ms of the stimulus with a threshold of ⬎6⫻ SD from baseline). Mean EPSC for sCRACM was computed over a 75 ms poststimulus time window (given in pA). Total input was computed by summing the suprathreshold pixels. Additional related a ...
... kHz) and synaptic events were detected using a threshold (within 23 ms of the stimulus with a threshold of ⬎6⫻ SD from baseline). Mean EPSC for sCRACM was computed over a 75 ms poststimulus time window (given in pA). Total input was computed by summing the suprathreshold pixels. Additional related a ...
Jesús Pujol Martí Neural map organization and development in the lateral-line system
... functionally complex, mediating contrasting behaviours that are also present in the adult fish. A decade ago, Ghysen‟s research group showed that the lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons display a topographic neural map. The same group shed some light on when and how this map is established. Sin ...
... functionally complex, mediating contrasting behaviours that are also present in the adult fish. A decade ago, Ghysen‟s research group showed that the lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons display a topographic neural map. The same group shed some light on when and how this map is established. Sin ...
Primary open-angle glaucoma
... resistance to aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork is increased in patients with this form of glaucoma, often associated with high intraocular pressure. When pressure increases above physiological levels, the pressure gradient across the lamina cribrosa also increases. As a result, the la ...
... resistance to aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork is increased in patients with this form of glaucoma, often associated with high intraocular pressure. When pressure increases above physiological levels, the pressure gradient across the lamina cribrosa also increases. As a result, the la ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... to test how well several vesicle-release models could capture the dynamics observed physiologically. Already the most basic model variant produced very good results with correlation coefficients between the experimental data and the model prediction of more than 90%. None of the more complex model v ...
... to test how well several vesicle-release models could capture the dynamics observed physiologically. Already the most basic model variant produced very good results with correlation coefficients between the experimental data and the model prediction of more than 90%. None of the more complex model v ...
Fluoxetine and hyperforin appear to act like a
... microelectrode still within the muscle fiber. We then replaced the standard crayfish saline solution with 31.5ml of 100µM aminocaproic acid solution. In order to compare the effects of the chemicals, we needed to control the variability between the EPSPs of different cells. We did this by measuring ...
... microelectrode still within the muscle fiber. We then replaced the standard crayfish saline solution with 31.5ml of 100µM aminocaproic acid solution. In order to compare the effects of the chemicals, we needed to control the variability between the EPSPs of different cells. We did this by measuring ...
Gentle Mechanical Skin Stimulation Inhibits Micturition Contractions
... (RMCs) emerge because of burst discharges of the pelvic nerve innervating the bladder. Various kinds of noxious somatic stimuli, particularly those applied to the perineal area, consistently produce a decrease in frequency of RMCs in both male and female animals [5–7]. Following somatic stimulation, ...
... (RMCs) emerge because of burst discharges of the pelvic nerve innervating the bladder. Various kinds of noxious somatic stimuli, particularly those applied to the perineal area, consistently produce a decrease in frequency of RMCs in both male and female animals [5–7]. Following somatic stimulation, ...
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A
... telencephalon largely determines their final targeting within the cortex [16–20]. For example, in mutants in the transcription factor Ebf1 or in the Dlx1/Dlx2 double mutants, a subset of thalamic axons is misrouted ventrally, resulting in a caudal shift of the remaining axons within the ventral telen ...
... telencephalon largely determines their final targeting within the cortex [16–20]. For example, in mutants in the transcription factor Ebf1 or in the Dlx1/Dlx2 double mutants, a subset of thalamic axons is misrouted ventrally, resulting in a caudal shift of the remaining axons within the ventral telen ...
Experience-dependent corticofugal adjustment
... brown bats, E. fuscus, whose auditory system is basically the same as that of other mammalian species (13–15). Procedures for animal preparation, acoustic stimulation, and recording of action potentials have been previously described (11, 16). The protocol for this research was approved by the anima ...
... brown bats, E. fuscus, whose auditory system is basically the same as that of other mammalian species (13–15). Procedures for animal preparation, acoustic stimulation, and recording of action potentials have been previously described (11, 16). The protocol for this research was approved by the anima ...
The Calcium Rationale in Aging and Alzheimer`s Disease
... serotonin and of acetylcholine staining fibers in their hippocampi, whereas hypoxic controls did not. In two different clinical trials, it was shown that nimodipine has a beneficial effect, especially on functions involving learning, in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disorder or vascular deme ...
... serotonin and of acetylcholine staining fibers in their hippocampi, whereas hypoxic controls did not. In two different clinical trials, it was shown that nimodipine has a beneficial effect, especially on functions involving learning, in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disorder or vascular deme ...
http://www.utdallas.edu/~tres/papers/Disterhoftetal1994.pdf
... serotonin and of acetylcholine staining fibers in their hippocampi, whereas hypoxic controls did not. In two different clinical trials, it was shown that nimodipine has a beneficial effect, especially on functions involving learning, in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disorder or vascular deme ...
... serotonin and of acetylcholine staining fibers in their hippocampi, whereas hypoxic controls did not. In two different clinical trials, it was shown that nimodipine has a beneficial effect, especially on functions involving learning, in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disorder or vascular deme ...
Rhythms for Cognition: Communication through
... indistinguishable from human behavior, and detailed to the point of atomistic resolution. This hypothetical model would be an invaluable tool in place of imperfect experimental recordings from living subjects by providing complete downloads from the model. However, those downloaded data would requir ...
... indistinguishable from human behavior, and detailed to the point of atomistic resolution. This hypothetical model would be an invaluable tool in place of imperfect experimental recordings from living subjects by providing complete downloads from the model. However, those downloaded data would requir ...
Modality-Based Organization of Ascending Somatosensory Axons in
... was conducted in Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University. All surgical and postoperative procedures were performed in accordance with Temple’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and National Institutes of Health guidelines. Dorsal root transection of L4 –L5 was perfo ...
... was conducted in Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University. All surgical and postoperative procedures were performed in accordance with Temple’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and National Institutes of Health guidelines. Dorsal root transection of L4 –L5 was perfo ...
Heterogeneous Integration of Bilateral Whisker Signals by Neurons
... cortical column” by suppressing weaker responses so that “only . . . the initial perturbation of the principal whiskers will overcome the . . . cortical inhibition” (Brumberg et al. 1996). For Armstrong-James (1995), a “transient insularity” between barrels includes the whole cortical column centere ...
... cortical column” by suppressing weaker responses so that “only . . . the initial perturbation of the principal whiskers will overcome the . . . cortical inhibition” (Brumberg et al. 1996). For Armstrong-James (1995), a “transient insularity” between barrels includes the whole cortical column centere ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... populations that innervate them. This hypothesis arose from work on nerve growth factor (NGF), the ®rst neuron survival factor to be identi®ed. The principal tenet of this hypothesis is that the survival of developing neurons depends on the supply of a neurotrophic factor that is synthesized in limi ...
... populations that innervate them. This hypothesis arose from work on nerve growth factor (NGF), the ®rst neuron survival factor to be identi®ed. The principal tenet of this hypothesis is that the survival of developing neurons depends on the supply of a neurotrophic factor that is synthesized in limi ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... and micturition, immune, as well as emotional activities. In clinic, FN lesion or dysfunction results in motor deficits including spinocerebellar ataxias, and nonmotor symptoms. In this review, we summarize the cytoarchitecture, anatomic afferent and efferent connections, as well as the motor and no ...
... and micturition, immune, as well as emotional activities. In clinic, FN lesion or dysfunction results in motor deficits including spinocerebellar ataxias, and nonmotor symptoms. In this review, we summarize the cytoarchitecture, anatomic afferent and efferent connections, as well as the motor and no ...
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... receptive Welds to decrease by more than 20%. Pairing NB stimulation with sounds that are modulated and vary in their carrier frequency results in intermediate receptive Weld plasticity (35% increase in bandwidth). These results suggest that release of acetylcholine marks certain sounds as behaviora ...
... receptive Welds to decrease by more than 20%. Pairing NB stimulation with sounds that are modulated and vary in their carrier frequency results in intermediate receptive Weld plasticity (35% increase in bandwidth). These results suggest that release of acetylcholine marks certain sounds as behaviora ...
PDF
... but not for metameric dorsal root gangliogenesis. We now expand these results to show that Nrp2 patterns initial motor axon outgrowth as well. Later, Nrp1/Sema3A signaling is essential for segmental dorsal root gangliogenesis and motor axonal fasciculation into ventral roots. Strikingly, Nrp/Sema si ...
... but not for metameric dorsal root gangliogenesis. We now expand these results to show that Nrp2 patterns initial motor axon outgrowth as well. Later, Nrp1/Sema3A signaling is essential for segmental dorsal root gangliogenesis and motor axonal fasciculation into ventral roots. Strikingly, Nrp/Sema si ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... 1988); and Apis mellifera (Schafer et al. 1988). Circumstantial evidence suggest that biogenic amines play an important role in several aspects of feeding physiology, e.g. control of gut function, salivary glands, and processing of olfactory information (for a review see Evans 1980; Nassel 1986a, 19 ...
... 1988); and Apis mellifera (Schafer et al. 1988). Circumstantial evidence suggest that biogenic amines play an important role in several aspects of feeding physiology, e.g. control of gut function, salivary glands, and processing of olfactory information (for a review see Evans 1980; Nassel 1986a, 19 ...
identification of cell types in brain slices of the inferior colliculus
... parallel the ®bro-dendritic laminae. A second, less common neuron with a different dendritic morphology is also found in all species studied (e.g. the less-¯at neuron in the rat). In contrast, physiology suggests three or more cell types are present based on responses to binaural acoustic stimuli an ...
... parallel the ®bro-dendritic laminae. A second, less common neuron with a different dendritic morphology is also found in all species studied (e.g. the less-¯at neuron in the rat). In contrast, physiology suggests three or more cell types are present based on responses to binaural acoustic stimuli an ...
body proportions in infancy and early childhood
... • Over one quarter of the world’s children under age 5 are moderately or severely underweight. • In 2012, 15% of American households experienced food insecurity (lack of consistent access to food). • The most common nutrients missing from infants and toddlers’ diets are iron, zinc, and calcium. Kuth ...
... • Over one quarter of the world’s children under age 5 are moderately or severely underweight. • In 2012, 15% of American households experienced food insecurity (lack of consistent access to food). • The most common nutrients missing from infants and toddlers’ diets are iron, zinc, and calcium. Kuth ...
Chadha_umd_0117E_15128 - DRUM
... and overlapping receptive fields with well-defined centers. S1 responses are directionally selective, with a majority preferring reversed airflow. The onset latency of evoked activity decreases as a function of airflow intensity, with no effect on response magnitude. Furthermore, when dorsal and ven ...
... and overlapping receptive fields with well-defined centers. S1 responses are directionally selective, with a majority preferring reversed airflow. The onset latency of evoked activity decreases as a function of airflow intensity, with no effect on response magnitude. Furthermore, when dorsal and ven ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.