Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
... E) magnesium Answer: D Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 15) An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell ________. A) potassium B) sodium C) calcium D) magnesium E) both potassium and sodium Answer: B Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge ...
... E) magnesium Answer: D Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 15) An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell ________. A) potassium B) sodium C) calcium D) magnesium E) both potassium and sodium Answer: B Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge ...
Development of the Nervous System of Carinina ochracea
... brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohistochemical observations on nervous system development in Nemertea draw a heterogeneous and still fragmentary picture [12,13]. Detailed information on the formation and architecture of the larv ...
... brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohistochemical observations on nervous system development in Nemertea draw a heterogeneous and still fragmentary picture [12,13]. Detailed information on the formation and architecture of the larv ...
Article Full Text PDF
... the latency of antidromic spikes short (,0.4 milliseconds), confirming a high conduction velocity in the M-axon. The extrinsic hyperpolarizing potential (EHP), which signals firing of presynaptic cells and collateral inhibition, was markedly lower at frequencies of spinal stimulation . ,5/second, su ...
... the latency of antidromic spikes short (,0.4 milliseconds), confirming a high conduction velocity in the M-axon. The extrinsic hyperpolarizing potential (EHP), which signals firing of presynaptic cells and collateral inhibition, was markedly lower at frequencies of spinal stimulation . ,5/second, su ...
CNB12 Plus
... The types of brain cells that are most vulnerable to glutamate-induced toxicity are the very cells involved in dopamine metabolism and neural-motor control. Methylcobalamin has been shown specifically to protect against glutamateinduced neural toxicity caused by L-dopa. This means that supplementat ...
... The types of brain cells that are most vulnerable to glutamate-induced toxicity are the very cells involved in dopamine metabolism and neural-motor control. Methylcobalamin has been shown specifically to protect against glutamateinduced neural toxicity caused by L-dopa. This means that supplementat ...
Functionally complex muscles of the cat hindlimb
... nuclei are functionally subdivided by some species of premotoneuronal inputs that are not distributed uniformly to all of the motoneurons within that nucleus. While it is generally agreed that traditionally defined anatomical entities (e.g., muscles and motor nuclei) do not define functional units o ...
... nuclei are functionally subdivided by some species of premotoneuronal inputs that are not distributed uniformly to all of the motoneurons within that nucleus. While it is generally agreed that traditionally defined anatomical entities (e.g., muscles and motor nuclei) do not define functional units o ...
ABSTRACT The Auditory Brainstem Response: History and Future
... pathway, it may be possible to determine the location of the problem. The methods of measuring and using the ABR have changed over the years as research has broadened understanding of how to interpret the output. The ABR is a powerful tool in measuring brain function, and it has been employed in man ...
... pathway, it may be possible to determine the location of the problem. The methods of measuring and using the ABR have changed over the years as research has broadened understanding of how to interpret the output. The ABR is a powerful tool in measuring brain function, and it has been employed in man ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
Textbook of Physiology Practicals
... 11.2. INVESTIGATION OF SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIOUR UNDER DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. .............. 114 11.2.1.The open-field test .............................................................................................................................. 115 11.3. UNEXPECTED STIMULI, EFFECT OF S ...
... 11.2. INVESTIGATION OF SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIOUR UNDER DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. .............. 114 11.2.1.The open-field test .............................................................................................................................. 115 11.3. UNEXPECTED STIMULI, EFFECT OF S ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... membrane potential measured during the baseline period. That is, the total positive area during the baseline (measured from the mode) was subtracted from the total positive area during the stimulus (measured from the mode; see Fig. 9 for examples of how these subthreshold values were measured). The ...
... membrane potential measured during the baseline period. That is, the total positive area during the baseline (measured from the mode) was subtracted from the total positive area during the stimulus (measured from the mode; see Fig. 9 for examples of how these subthreshold values were measured). The ...
Eye Movements - Center for Neural Science
... that counteract this effect of self-motion on visual acuity. These mechanisms coordinate movements of the eye that precisely compensate for self-motion, thus stabilizing the visual world on the retina. Gaze-stabilization mechanisms fall into two subclasses: the vestibuloocula system and the optokine ...
... that counteract this effect of self-motion on visual acuity. These mechanisms coordinate movements of the eye that precisely compensate for self-motion, thus stabilizing the visual world on the retina. Gaze-stabilization mechanisms fall into two subclasses: the vestibuloocula system and the optokine ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... Helobdella were taken from laboratory breeding colonies, while adult leeches of another glossiphoniid species, Theromyzon rude, were captured in the wild and kindly provided to us by Duncan Stuart. Ablating AS precursors in selected hemiganglia Two different methods were used to ablate AS neurons or ...
... Helobdella were taken from laboratory breeding colonies, while adult leeches of another glossiphoniid species, Theromyzon rude, were captured in the wild and kindly provided to us by Duncan Stuart. Ablating AS precursors in selected hemiganglia Two different methods were used to ablate AS neurons or ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... and descend as the ventral corticospinal tract. In addition to the corticospinal tract, the corticospinal system contains indirect paths that project first to brain stem motor nuclei and from there to the spinal cord. The spinal gray matter is the target of the corticospinal tract. It is composed of ...
... and descend as the ventral corticospinal tract. In addition to the corticospinal tract, the corticospinal system contains indirect paths that project first to brain stem motor nuclei and from there to the spinal cord. The spinal gray matter is the target of the corticospinal tract. It is composed of ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... To determine whether mean EPSC amplitude changed with stimulation distance, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. When the results of the ANOVA were significant (P < 0.05), peaks and troughs were identified in the pattern of responses obtained for each cell following an approach similar ...
... To determine whether mean EPSC amplitude changed with stimulation distance, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. When the results of the ANOVA were significant (P < 0.05), peaks and troughs were identified in the pattern of responses obtained for each cell following an approach similar ...
08. pons + midbrain
... thalamus,hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex. -its descending fibres project to brain stem & spinal cord. -involved in neural mechanisms regulating sleep. ...
... thalamus,hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex. -its descending fibres project to brain stem & spinal cord. -involved in neural mechanisms regulating sleep. ...
The Structure of Spatial Receptive Fields of Neurons in Primary
... were used, and sound-source directions were referred to the same spherical coordinate system centered on the cat’s interaural plane that covered 3608 in azimuth and 1268 in elevation. Measurements were not made at elevations below 2368 (Musicant et al., 1990) and thus were not represented in our VAS ...
... were used, and sound-source directions were referred to the same spherical coordinate system centered on the cat’s interaural plane that covered 3608 in azimuth and 1268 in elevation. Measurements were not made at elevations below 2368 (Musicant et al., 1990) and thus were not represented in our VAS ...
Full Article
... infected SPN and IN. Appositions were studied with either a 40 objective or a 100 oil-immersion objective, and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-character ...
... infected SPN and IN. Appositions were studied with either a 40 objective or a 100 oil-immersion objective, and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-character ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... in non-human primates and the hippocampus [15] in humans. There is much evidence that an observation/execution mechanism, demonstrated with electrophysiological (electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)) and brain imaging (positron emissi ...
... in non-human primates and the hippocampus [15] in humans. There is much evidence that an observation/execution mechanism, demonstrated with electrophysiological (electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)) and brain imaging (positron emissi ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... rate suggests that vM1 controls these slowly varying motor parameters, as expected from previous motor cortex mapping5,8,16,18,29,39 and neurophysiological experiments5,29,39. The low sampling rate of imaging may have missed rapid modulation in neural activity29. We also quantified decoding accuranc ...
... rate suggests that vM1 controls these slowly varying motor parameters, as expected from previous motor cortex mapping5,8,16,18,29,39 and neurophysiological experiments5,29,39. The low sampling rate of imaging may have missed rapid modulation in neural activity29. We also quantified decoding accuranc ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... or invertebrates), which approaches most closely to this ideal. Although it is usually assumed that only one transmitter is released at a given junction, it is conceivable that two or more substances having significantly different actions may be released, in which case the criterion of identity of a ...
... or invertebrates), which approaches most closely to this ideal. Although it is usually assumed that only one transmitter is released at a given junction, it is conceivable that two or more substances having significantly different actions may be released, in which case the criterion of identity of a ...
The effect of spinal cord injury on the neurochemical properties of
... the vagus nerve does not innervate viscera caudal to the transverse colon, numerous ...
... the vagus nerve does not innervate viscera caudal to the transverse colon, numerous ...
Thyroid Hormone Controls the Onset of Androgen Sensitivity in the
... in axon numbers from the left or right laryngeal nerve of an animal, and since multiple sections from a single nerve evince no significant variation in axon counts (Kelley and Dennison, 1990), myelinated and unmyelinated axons were counted on photomicrographs of a single laryngeal nerve section per ...
... in axon numbers from the left or right laryngeal nerve of an animal, and since multiple sections from a single nerve evince no significant variation in axon counts (Kelley and Dennison, 1990), myelinated and unmyelinated axons were counted on photomicrographs of a single laryngeal nerve section per ...
the brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
... the speed and direction of full-field image motion across the retina initiate optokinetic reflexes that supplement the VOR in the low-frequency range. ...
... the speed and direction of full-field image motion across the retina initiate optokinetic reflexes that supplement the VOR in the low-frequency range. ...
Raven Ch
... The effects on the postsynaptic cell would be somewhat similar if TEA were applied to the presynaptic cell. The presynaptic cell would depolarize and would continue to release neurotransmitter until it had exhausted its store of synaptic vesicles. As a result, the postsynaptic cell would be bombarde ...
... The effects on the postsynaptic cell would be somewhat similar if TEA were applied to the presynaptic cell. The presynaptic cell would depolarize and would continue to release neurotransmitter until it had exhausted its store of synaptic vesicles. As a result, the postsynaptic cell would be bombarde ...
Shootin1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... Banker, 1989). This observation led to the proposal that a positive feedback loop and negative regulation among neurites are necessary for neuronal polarization (Goslin and Banker, 1989; Andersen and Bi, 2000; Banker, 2003). A locally acting positive feedback loop may amplify a small stochastic incr ...
... Banker, 1989). This observation led to the proposal that a positive feedback loop and negative regulation among neurites are necessary for neuronal polarization (Goslin and Banker, 1989; Andersen and Bi, 2000; Banker, 2003). A locally acting positive feedback loop may amplify a small stochastic incr ...
2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education Site Map Any use is subject to
... B) effector - sensory neuron - motor neuron - interneuron in the CNS - receptor C) receptor - effector - interneuron in the CNS - sensory neuron - motor neuron D) sensory neuron - interneuron in the CNS - receptor - motor neuron - effector ...
... B) effector - sensory neuron - motor neuron - interneuron in the CNS - receptor C) receptor - effector - interneuron in the CNS - sensory neuron - motor neuron D) sensory neuron - interneuron in the CNS - receptor - motor neuron - effector ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.