Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... and the directional sensitivities of these M afferents correspond to identified L afferents with the same locations and directional sensitivities described in previous work (Jacobs and Theunissen, 1996), with one exception. The exception is that one additional identified M afferent (Fig. 1, #13) was ...
... and the directional sensitivities of these M afferents correspond to identified L afferents with the same locations and directional sensitivities described in previous work (Jacobs and Theunissen, 1996), with one exception. The exception is that one additional identified M afferent (Fig. 1, #13) was ...
Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... All three subject groups were matched for age and the analysis revealed no significant differences between groups. The 95% confidence intervals for the difference in mean age between ALSu and ALSi (-1.6, 3.0), controls and ALSu (-3.6, 1.8), controls and ALS (-2.8, 2.4), demonstrates that the differe ...
... All three subject groups were matched for age and the analysis revealed no significant differences between groups. The 95% confidence intervals for the difference in mean age between ALSu and ALSi (-1.6, 3.0), controls and ALSu (-3.6, 1.8), controls and ALS (-2.8, 2.4), demonstrates that the differe ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 3.5 Normalized histogram of interspike intervals (ISIs). (A) data from recordings of one cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simul ...
... Fig. 3.5 Normalized histogram of interspike intervals (ISIs). (A) data from recordings of one cortical cell (Brodmann’s area 46) that fired without task-relevant characteristics with an average firing rate of about 15 spikes/s. The coefficient of variation of the spike trains is Cv ≈ 1.09. (B) Simul ...
OSBP coupled with ER-resident protein FAN is essential
... Neuropeptides are first synthesized in neuroendocrine cells in the rough ER. They are then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where they are sorted and packed at high concentrations into a structure called the secretory granule/vesicle. Secretory granules bud from the Golgi apparatus and are transp ...
... Neuropeptides are first synthesized in neuroendocrine cells in the rough ER. They are then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where they are sorted and packed at high concentrations into a structure called the secretory granule/vesicle. Secretory granules bud from the Golgi apparatus and are transp ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... performed. Throughout the experiment the animal was infused with methohexital at a rate of 10 to 15 mg/kg/hr. The animal’s tail was placed on a specially designed heater that could raise the skin temperature to a desired degree at a rate of 5Wsec. The LH was stimulated electrically or by injection o ...
... performed. Throughout the experiment the animal was infused with methohexital at a rate of 10 to 15 mg/kg/hr. The animal’s tail was placed on a specially designed heater that could raise the skin temperature to a desired degree at a rate of 5Wsec. The LH was stimulated electrically or by injection o ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... In contrast to reflexes, voluntary movements are initiated to accomplish a specific goal. Voluntary movements may, of course, be triggered by external events—we put on the brakes when we see the traffic light turn red or rush to catch a ball in flight. Voluntary movements improve with practice as on ...
... In contrast to reflexes, voluntary movements are initiated to accomplish a specific goal. Voluntary movements may, of course, be triggered by external events—we put on the brakes when we see the traffic light turn red or rush to catch a ball in flight. Voluntary movements improve with practice as on ...
Mutations in cytoplasmic dynein and its regulators
... motor necessary for retrograde axonal transport of cellular material, such as RNA particles, neurofilaments, vesicles, mitochondria and signalling complexes [29,30]. Moreover, dynein is also known to be involved in polarized trafficking and specifically transports proteins and vesicles in dendrites ...
... motor necessary for retrograde axonal transport of cellular material, such as RNA particles, neurofilaments, vesicles, mitochondria and signalling complexes [29,30]. Moreover, dynein is also known to be involved in polarized trafficking and specifically transports proteins and vesicles in dendrites ...
Is Embryonic Limulus Heart Really Myogenic? Experimental
... areas indicated in the lower drawing. Arrowheads on the upper drawing delimit the functional portion of the heart, which encompasses sections AA and 4B, where lumen has formed. In 4C, only a thickened ectodermal cord is present; the coelom and heart will form below it. Figures 5 and 6 are electron m ...
... areas indicated in the lower drawing. Arrowheads on the upper drawing delimit the functional portion of the heart, which encompasses sections AA and 4B, where lumen has formed. In 4C, only a thickened ectodermal cord is present; the coelom and heart will form below it. Figures 5 and 6 are electron m ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... from the DMN. Swallow-induced peristalsis is termed primary peristalsis to distinguish it from the so-called secondary peristalsis that is produced by local reflexes. Primary peristalsis is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Vagal preganglionic efferents stimulate peristalsis by activating and modifyi ...
... from the DMN. Swallow-induced peristalsis is termed primary peristalsis to distinguish it from the so-called secondary peristalsis that is produced by local reflexes. Primary peristalsis is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Vagal preganglionic efferents stimulate peristalsis by activating and modifyi ...
No Binocular Rivalry in the LGN of Alert Macaque Monkeys
... Orthogonal drifting gratings were presented binocularly to alert macaque monkeys in an attempt to find neural correlates of binocular rivalry. Gratings were centered over lateral genicnlate nucleus (LGN) receptive fields and the corresponding points for the opposite eye. The only task of the monkey ...
... Orthogonal drifting gratings were presented binocularly to alert macaque monkeys in an attempt to find neural correlates of binocular rivalry. Gratings were centered over lateral genicnlate nucleus (LGN) receptive fields and the corresponding points for the opposite eye. The only task of the monkey ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... SMA is the most common inherited cause of infant death (Pearn, 1978). It is caused by mutation of the SMN1 gene and insufficient expression of the SMN protein (Lefebvre et al., 1995). Patients with severe SMA have profound muscle weakness in a stereotyped pattern (Crawford, 2004; Swoboda et al., 200 ...
... SMA is the most common inherited cause of infant death (Pearn, 1978). It is caused by mutation of the SMN1 gene and insufficient expression of the SMN protein (Lefebvre et al., 1995). Patients with severe SMA have profound muscle weakness in a stereotyped pattern (Crawford, 2004; Swoboda et al., 200 ...
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... Table 6. Mean numbers of neuron nuclei per unit area in sensory ganglia after various conditions of culture The values are the numbers of neuron nuclei in projected areas of 5-5 cm2 at x 800 magnification. The numbers in parentheses refer to the numbers of areas examined in each case. Mean number ± ...
... Table 6. Mean numbers of neuron nuclei per unit area in sensory ganglia after various conditions of culture The values are the numbers of neuron nuclei in projected areas of 5-5 cm2 at x 800 magnification. The numbers in parentheses refer to the numbers of areas examined in each case. Mean number ± ...
Synchronous Oscillatory Neural Ensembles for Rules in the
... (e.g. a negative correlation between alpha power and the activity of orientation-preferring neurons on color trials). However, these neurons are already suppressed during the color rule, so further suppression may be hard to detect. Rule-Dependent Synchrony Correlates with Behavioral Reaction Time ...
... (e.g. a negative correlation between alpha power and the activity of orientation-preferring neurons on color trials). However, these neurons are already suppressed during the color rule, so further suppression may be hard to detect. Rule-Dependent Synchrony Correlates with Behavioral Reaction Time ...
Long latency EMG responses in hand and leg muscles
... times. Analysis time was 200 ms, the bin-width 0-2 ms. EMG responses in leg muscles were evoked by tilting a movable platform, on which the patients stood, toe up around the ankle joint (ramp stimulus 50°/s, 40). The EMG of the anterior tibialis (TA) and triceps surae (TS) muscles was recorded using ...
... times. Analysis time was 200 ms, the bin-width 0-2 ms. EMG responses in leg muscles were evoked by tilting a movable platform, on which the patients stood, toe up around the ankle joint (ramp stimulus 50°/s, 40). The EMG of the anterior tibialis (TA) and triceps surae (TS) muscles was recorded using ...
Maruska & Tricas 2009b
... (80–800 Hz). These data were used to construct the isointensity response curves. Stimuli consisted of 100 repetitions of 40 ms ramped tone bursts (10 ms rise and fall; 20 ms plateau; 8.3 Hz repetition rate) at frequencies of 80–800 Hz (80, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 Hz). The frequency respons ...
... (80–800 Hz). These data were used to construct the isointensity response curves. Stimuli consisted of 100 repetitions of 40 ms ramped tone bursts (10 ms rise and fall; 20 ms plateau; 8.3 Hz repetition rate) at frequencies of 80–800 Hz (80, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 Hz). The frequency respons ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... verified that we observed fluorescent soma on the injected side, but not on the contralateral side (which was the location for recording). In 3/5 of these experiments, we drove expression using the Credependent virus in Drd1::Cre mice, while in the other 2/5 experiments we injected the virus carryin ...
... verified that we observed fluorescent soma on the injected side, but not on the contralateral side (which was the location for recording). In 3/5 of these experiments, we drove expression using the Credependent virus in Drd1::Cre mice, while in the other 2/5 experiments we injected the virus carryin ...
Calcium Influx and Protein Phosphorylation Mediate the Metabolic
... AChRs selectively increases to about 8-15 d (for review, see Reiness and Weinberg, 198 1; Salpeter, 1987). The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling mechanisms by which the motor nerve regulates metabolic stabilization of the synaptic AChRs in rat muscle. The nerve-induced metabolic ...
... AChRs selectively increases to about 8-15 d (for review, see Reiness and Weinberg, 198 1; Salpeter, 1987). The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling mechanisms by which the motor nerve regulates metabolic stabilization of the synaptic AChRs in rat muscle. The nerve-induced metabolic ...
Whisker movements evoked by stimulation of single pyramidal cells
... Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evo ...
... Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evo ...
Human frequency-following response: representation of pitch
... Pitch contours extracted from the FFR (solid lines) to each of the four speech stimuli are superimposed on their corresponding stimulus f0 contours (broken lines) in Fig. 2. It is clear from this ¢gure that the phaselocked FFR activity carrying pitch-relevant information faithfully follows the pitch ...
... Pitch contours extracted from the FFR (solid lines) to each of the four speech stimuli are superimposed on their corresponding stimulus f0 contours (broken lines) in Fig. 2. It is clear from this ¢gure that the phaselocked FFR activity carrying pitch-relevant information faithfully follows the pitch ...
Axonally Synthesized ATF4 Transmits a Neurodegenerative Signal across Brain Regions Baleriola,
... Transport Are Sequentially Required for Neurodegeneration Triggered by Axonal Exposure to Ab1-42 Application of Ab1-42 to axons did not increase axonal fragmentation or cell death within 24 hr, and after 48 hr of Ab1-42 exposure the number of TUNEL-positive neurons was significantly greater whereas ...
... Transport Are Sequentially Required for Neurodegeneration Triggered by Axonal Exposure to Ab1-42 Application of Ab1-42 to axons did not increase axonal fragmentation or cell death within 24 hr, and after 48 hr of Ab1-42 exposure the number of TUNEL-positive neurons was significantly greater whereas ...
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... tem may make it difficult to develop modular and adaptable light and opsin expression systems. Excitable cells solutions for inducing opsin expression in the peripheral nervous system may be sparsely scattered throughout a large volume of tissue, necessitat- in human patients (78, 79). Many clinical ...
... tem may make it difficult to develop modular and adaptable light and opsin expression systems. Excitable cells solutions for inducing opsin expression in the peripheral nervous system may be sparsely scattered throughout a large volume of tissue, necessitat- in human patients (78, 79). Many clinical ...
From Membrane to Cytoskeleton: Minireview
... also contain a cytoplasmic D1 domain with catalytic activity and a structurally related but catalytically inactive D2 domain. Many Lar family phosphatases are expressed in the nervous system, but few have known ligands or cytoskeletal associations. In Drosophila, previous work has demonstrated that ...
... also contain a cytoplasmic D1 domain with catalytic activity and a structurally related but catalytically inactive D2 domain. Many Lar family phosphatases are expressed in the nervous system, but few have known ligands or cytoskeletal associations. In Drosophila, previous work has demonstrated that ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... examples to discuss various cellular and molecular pathways that have emerged from classical and more recent studies, which have been performed mostly in the mouse and the fly. We do not aim to be comprehensive but rather provide our own view of the current principles arising from many studies in a ...
... examples to discuss various cellular and molecular pathways that have emerged from classical and more recent studies, which have been performed mostly in the mouse and the fly. We do not aim to be comprehensive but rather provide our own view of the current principles arising from many studies in a ...
Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... Yet a limitation of the HGM approach applied in previous experimental studies is that, like ESM, it crucially relies on active patient cooperation and compliance over an extended time period. This may be difficult to achieve in infants, small children, and in cognitively impaired individuals, or if e ...
... Yet a limitation of the HGM approach applied in previous experimental studies is that, like ESM, it crucially relies on active patient cooperation and compliance over an extended time period. This may be difficult to achieve in infants, small children, and in cognitively impaired individuals, or if e ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.