the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
the mirror-neuron system - UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
University of Birmingham Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a
... also control cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and they are required for axonal and dendritic elaborations, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and long-term potentiation (LTP, the basis of memory and learning) [2–5]. NTs underlie most aspects of vertebrate nervous system development a ...
... also control cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and they are required for axonal and dendritic elaborations, synaptic plasticity, excitability, and long-term potentiation (LTP, the basis of memory and learning) [2–5]. NTs underlie most aspects of vertebrate nervous system development a ...
Integrative actions of the reticular formation The reticular activating
... fugal R.F. efferents utilize cranial nerves and the spinal cord. ...
... fugal R.F. efferents utilize cranial nerves and the spinal cord. ...
Cerebellar Unit Activity and the Movement Disruption Induced by
... perireach histogram analysis. About 7 5 % of cerebellar neurons reacted to reaching, mostly with an activity increase culminating in about 80 ms before reach onset. Activity of 50% of cerebellar units was inhibited by low rate (0.2 p.p.s.) stimulation (0.1 ms, 5 to 20 V) of contralateral Cd. Movemen ...
... perireach histogram analysis. About 7 5 % of cerebellar neurons reacted to reaching, mostly with an activity increase culminating in about 80 ms before reach onset. Activity of 50% of cerebellar units was inhibited by low rate (0.2 p.p.s.) stimulation (0.1 ms, 5 to 20 V) of contralateral Cd. Movemen ...
(jns-object). - The Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
... cues. How these cues vary in time is not arbitrary but is fully determined by the rigid motion, which has only 6 degrees of freedom. As a consequence, neuronal activity reflecting such natural movements also is likely to be highly constrained and to have only a few degrees of freedom. This paper pre ...
... cues. How these cues vary in time is not arbitrary but is fully determined by the rigid motion, which has only 6 degrees of freedom. As a consequence, neuronal activity reflecting such natural movements also is likely to be highly constrained and to have only a few degrees of freedom. This paper pre ...
local connectivity between neurons of the rat globus pallidus
... the degree of connectivity between GP neurons. However, certain assumptions have to be made. 3.1. Assumptions 3.1.1. Number of contacts formed by a single GP local axon on a single postsynaptic neuron The facts that lateral neurons possess a mean of 264 boutons in their axonal arbour and medial neur ...
... the degree of connectivity between GP neurons. However, certain assumptions have to be made. 3.1. Assumptions 3.1.1. Number of contacts formed by a single GP local axon on a single postsynaptic neuron The facts that lateral neurons possess a mean of 264 boutons in their axonal arbour and medial neur ...
Scene perception: inferior temporal cortex neurons encode the
... enabling defined stimuli to be presented simultaneously in defined positions in a well-controlled way, and for the response of a neuron to be measured to each stimulus when presented alone. Moreover, the stimuli were chosen such that only one of the stimuli activated the particular neuron from which r ...
... enabling defined stimuli to be presented simultaneously in defined positions in a well-controlled way, and for the response of a neuron to be measured to each stimulus when presented alone. Moreover, the stimuli were chosen such that only one of the stimuli activated the particular neuron from which r ...
Functions of the Nervous System
... Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death ...
... Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... supports the two-layer model from Poirazi and colleagues [7], [8], which suggests that pyramidal cells first process their synaptic inputs within the individual dendritic compartments following a sigmoidal function before these signals are linear integrated at the soma. In contrast with the widely u ...
... supports the two-layer model from Poirazi and colleagues [7], [8], which suggests that pyramidal cells first process their synaptic inputs within the individual dendritic compartments following a sigmoidal function before these signals are linear integrated at the soma. In contrast with the widely u ...
Chemosensory Systems
... nucleus (PBN) in the pons, which, in turn, projects to thalamus. Thalamic taste neurons have more complex response properties than brain-stem taste neurons. Brainstem taste neurons also project into medullary reflex circuits to impact secretion of saliva, swallowing and other reflexive responses. 4. ...
... nucleus (PBN) in the pons, which, in turn, projects to thalamus. Thalamic taste neurons have more complex response properties than brain-stem taste neurons. Brainstem taste neurons also project into medullary reflex circuits to impact secretion of saliva, swallowing and other reflexive responses. 4. ...
Axonal integrity predicts cortical reorganisation following cervical injury
... supine and viewed visual stimuli projected via a mirror system onto a frosted screen. Participants were cued to exert 30% of their maximum voluntary contraction level. Visual feedback about the amount of force and the duration of handgrip was provided on the screen in the form of a thermometer (1.7 ...
... supine and viewed visual stimuli projected via a mirror system onto a frosted screen. Participants were cued to exert 30% of their maximum voluntary contraction level. Visual feedback about the amount of force and the duration of handgrip was provided on the screen in the form of a thermometer (1.7 ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
מצגת של PowerPoint
... -At the initial stages of the development of adult-born neurons, GABA is excitatory due to high intracellular Cl concentration (mediated by the transporter NKCC1). - This excitatory action of GABA is essential (necessary and perhaps sufficient) for proper development of dendrites and synaptic ...
... -At the initial stages of the development of adult-born neurons, GABA is excitatory due to high intracellular Cl concentration (mediated by the transporter NKCC1). - This excitatory action of GABA is essential (necessary and perhaps sufficient) for proper development of dendrites and synaptic ...
Zoology 242 Anatomy of Nervous systems Lecture 8
... • Afferent – originates from distal point and projects towards the region in question, e.g. sensory afferent neuron. • Efferent – originates from the region in question and projects towards a distal point. e.g. motor efferent neuron. • Interneuron – integrating neuron which remains within the centra ...
... • Afferent – originates from distal point and projects towards the region in question, e.g. sensory afferent neuron. • Efferent – originates from the region in question and projects towards a distal point. e.g. motor efferent neuron. • Interneuron – integrating neuron which remains within the centra ...
Topical Review
... growth-inhibitory molecules are induced by stroke during the initial periods of axonal sprouting: neurocan, NG2, EphB1, ephrin A5 and MAG.41,49 These molecules are induced directly in regions in which growth cone proteins, such as GAP43, CAP23, MARCKS and SPRR1 are upregulated, and in a pattern of o ...
... growth-inhibitory molecules are induced by stroke during the initial periods of axonal sprouting: neurocan, NG2, EphB1, ephrin A5 and MAG.41,49 These molecules are induced directly in regions in which growth cone proteins, such as GAP43, CAP23, MARCKS and SPRR1 are upregulated, and in a pattern of o ...
Functional Organization of the Gustatory System in the Brains of
... This reproduction was made from a copy of a m anuscript sent to u s for publication and microfilming. While the m ost advanced technology has been used to pho tograph and reproduce this m anuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pag ...
... This reproduction was made from a copy of a m anuscript sent to u s for publication and microfilming. While the m ost advanced technology has been used to pho tograph and reproduce this m anuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pag ...
Chapter_013
... • Columns of gray matter extend the length of the cord • Consists predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons • In transverse section, looks like an H with the limbs being called the anterior, posterior, and lateral horns of gray matter; cross-bar of H is the gray commissure ...
... • Columns of gray matter extend the length of the cord • Consists predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons • In transverse section, looks like an H with the limbs being called the anterior, posterior, and lateral horns of gray matter; cross-bar of H is the gray commissure ...
Actin in Axons: Stable Scaffolds and Dynamic Filaments
... (Susuki and Rasband 2008; Xu and Shrager 2005). Experimental results indicate that each of these molecules is required to form and/or maintain nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments (see Thaxton and Bhat 2009). ...
... (Susuki and Rasband 2008; Xu and Shrager 2005). Experimental results indicate that each of these molecules is required to form and/or maintain nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments (see Thaxton and Bhat 2009). ...
Chapter_013
... • Columns of gray matter extend the length of the cord • Consists predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons • In transverse section, looks like an H with the limbs being called the anterior, posterior, and lateral horns of gray matter; cross-bar of H is the gray commissure ...
... • Columns of gray matter extend the length of the cord • Consists predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons • In transverse section, looks like an H with the limbs being called the anterior, posterior, and lateral horns of gray matter; cross-bar of H is the gray commissure ...
State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex
... rhesus monkey can be greatly modulated depending on the behavioral significance of a visual stimulus. These findings suggest that signals arising from sources other than the retina may represent an important aspect of neuronal activity in visual cortex. Understanding the extent and nature of these e ...
... rhesus monkey can be greatly modulated depending on the behavioral significance of a visual stimulus. These findings suggest that signals arising from sources other than the retina may represent an important aspect of neuronal activity in visual cortex. Understanding the extent and nature of these e ...
Chapter 36 Locomotion
... of the body or appendages. This rhythmicity makes locomotion appear to be repetitive and stereotyped. Indeed, locomotion is controlled automatically at relatively low levels of the central nervous system without intervention by higher centers. Nevertheless, locomotion often takes place in environmen ...
... of the body or appendages. This rhythmicity makes locomotion appear to be repetitive and stereotyped. Indeed, locomotion is controlled automatically at relatively low levels of the central nervous system without intervention by higher centers. Nevertheless, locomotion often takes place in environmen ...
Fine structural analysis of extraocular muscle spindles of a two
... spindles of aged persons are already present in EOM spindles of a 2-year-old infant. Mi-1 HODS. Distal halves of two EOMs obtained from a 2-year-old multiorgan donor were immersionfixed and prepared for electron microscopy. The fine structure of 10 muscle spindles and of 1 "false ...
... spindles of aged persons are already present in EOM spindles of a 2-year-old infant. Mi-1 HODS. Distal halves of two EOMs obtained from a 2-year-old multiorgan donor were immersionfixed and prepared for electron microscopy. The fine structure of 10 muscle spindles and of 1 "false ...
Formation of Neuronal Pathways in the lmaginal Discs of Drosophila
... 26), the leg begins to assume a tubular shape; these four neurons are now located at the very tip of the leg and the two pathways formed by their axons run side by side along the length of the leg down to the base. A4 joins the anterior pathway at the level of the second tarsal segment, and P2 joins ...
... 26), the leg begins to assume a tubular shape; these four neurons are now located at the very tip of the leg and the two pathways formed by their axons run side by side along the length of the leg down to the base. A4 joins the anterior pathway at the level of the second tarsal segment, and P2 joins ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.