Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... Yet a limitation of the HGM approach applied in previous experimental studies is that, like ESM, it crucially relies on active patient cooperation and compliance over an extended time period. This may be difficult to achieve in infants, small children, and in cognitively impaired individuals, or if e ...
... Yet a limitation of the HGM approach applied in previous experimental studies is that, like ESM, it crucially relies on active patient cooperation and compliance over an extended time period. This may be difficult to achieve in infants, small children, and in cognitively impaired individuals, or if e ...
Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Putamen Associated
... differential activity consisted of either decreases or increases in activity without altering the time period during which task-related activations occurred. In addition, half of the TANs (41/80, 51%) changed their responses to task stimuli with the sequence switch, indicating that the response sele ...
... differential activity consisted of either decreases or increases in activity without altering the time period during which task-related activations occurred. In addition, half of the TANs (41/80, 51%) changed their responses to task stimuli with the sequence switch, indicating that the response sele ...
Slide 1
... and proximal apical/basal dendrites (green) receive separate synaptic inputs in a variety of types of pyramidal cells. (B) Summation of inputs onto a single dendritic branch (but not between branches) leads to a dendritic spike that remains below threshold for an action potential at the soma. It has ...
... and proximal apical/basal dendrites (green) receive separate synaptic inputs in a variety of types of pyramidal cells. (B) Summation of inputs onto a single dendritic branch (but not between branches) leads to a dendritic spike that remains below threshold for an action potential at the soma. It has ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neuroscientific Probe of
... refers to the lowest TMS intensity necessary to evoke an MEP in the target muscle and is commonly defined as the minimum stimulus intensity required to elicit MEPs of more than 50-V peak-to-peak amplitude in at least 50% of successive trials in resting target muscles (22). MTs and MEPs can evaluate ...
... refers to the lowest TMS intensity necessary to evoke an MEP in the target muscle and is commonly defined as the minimum stimulus intensity required to elicit MEPs of more than 50-V peak-to-peak amplitude in at least 50% of successive trials in resting target muscles (22). MTs and MEPs can evaluate ...
The organization of the central control of micturition in cats and
... lateral part of the ventral horn of the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements. Sympathetic preganglionic motoneurons are present in the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar cord, whereas parasympathetic preganglionics are located in certain brain stem nuclei, and in the sacral cord (see Hol ...
... lateral part of the ventral horn of the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements. Sympathetic preganglionic motoneurons are present in the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar cord, whereas parasympathetic preganglionics are located in certain brain stem nuclei, and in the sacral cord (see Hol ...
In Vivo Evaluation of White Matter Integrity and Anterograde
... with MnCl2. Intravitreal injection of NMDA can induce excitotoxic retinal injury and optic neuropathy in a dose-dependent manner.37,39,40 The effects of glutamate excitotoxicity on necrotic and apoptotic cell death in the retina and the brain are also dependent on the types and amount of glutamate r ...
... with MnCl2. Intravitreal injection of NMDA can induce excitotoxic retinal injury and optic neuropathy in a dose-dependent manner.37,39,40 The effects of glutamate excitotoxicity on necrotic and apoptotic cell death in the retina and the brain are also dependent on the types and amount of glutamate r ...
File
... aspartate and related compounds), was first identified by Kikunae Ikeda at the Imperial University of Tokyo first identified it in 1909. It was originally shown that the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR4) mediated umami taste (Chaudari,et al, 1996; Kurihara & Kashiwayanagi, 1998). Binding to t ...
... aspartate and related compounds), was first identified by Kikunae Ikeda at the Imperial University of Tokyo first identified it in 1909. It was originally shown that the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR4) mediated umami taste (Chaudari,et al, 1996; Kurihara & Kashiwayanagi, 1998). Binding to t ...
PDF - Department of Molecular Biology
... Endophilin mutations altering membrane tubulation activity produce corresponding defects in SV endocytosis in vivo, consistent with the membrane-bending model. These results also suggest that decreased and increased membrane-bending activity are both detrimental to SV endocytosis. Specificity of the ...
... Endophilin mutations altering membrane tubulation activity produce corresponding defects in SV endocytosis in vivo, consistent with the membrane-bending model. These results also suggest that decreased and increased membrane-bending activity are both detrimental to SV endocytosis. Specificity of the ...
Complete nervous system 11
... Other neurotransmitters may decrease membrane permeability to sodium ions, reducing the chance that it will reach threshold, and are thus inhibitory. ...
... Other neurotransmitters may decrease membrane permeability to sodium ions, reducing the chance that it will reach threshold, and are thus inhibitory. ...
Structural Repair and Functional Recovery Following Cerebral
... does not follow the shortest path to the presumptive bud site, as would be expected if guidance by a soluble factor gradient were the primary mechanism. Recent observations performed with the help of Dr. Keith We are currently investigating the ability Snyder indicate that the initial guidance of so ...
... does not follow the shortest path to the presumptive bud site, as would be expected if guidance by a soluble factor gradient were the primary mechanism. Recent observations performed with the help of Dr. Keith We are currently investigating the ability Snyder indicate that the initial guidance of so ...
Somatic sensation and pain
... includes the emotional response. • Nociception is a neurophysiologic term and denotes the activity in the nerve pathways. These pathways transmit the unpleasant signals that are not always painful. • Pain is a critical component of the body's defense system • Cognitive and emotional factors might dr ...
... includes the emotional response. • Nociception is a neurophysiologic term and denotes the activity in the nerve pathways. These pathways transmit the unpleasant signals that are not always painful. • Pain is a critical component of the body's defense system • Cognitive and emotional factors might dr ...
Optogenetic drive of neocortical pyramidal neurons generates fMRI
... To illustrate this point we compared electrophysiological recordings made using the laminar probes (MUA and LFP in alternating current coupled mode [LFP]) and saline-filled glass pipettes (LFP recorded in direct-current mode [dcLFP]) during optical stimulation. Fig. 2 depicts a comparison of respons ...
... To illustrate this point we compared electrophysiological recordings made using the laminar probes (MUA and LFP in alternating current coupled mode [LFP]) and saline-filled glass pipettes (LFP recorded in direct-current mode [dcLFP]) during optical stimulation. Fig. 2 depicts a comparison of respons ...
directional asymmetries of optokinetic nystagmus: developmental
... yields slow-phase velocity measurements larger than those obtained by averaging over the duration of each slow phase, it is approximately equivalent to the commonly used procedure of measuring the envelope of the OKN responses as seen on recordings made at a slow chart speed (such as Fig. 2). Both p ...
... yields slow-phase velocity measurements larger than those obtained by averaging over the duration of each slow phase, it is approximately equivalent to the commonly used procedure of measuring the envelope of the OKN responses as seen on recordings made at a slow chart speed (such as Fig. 2). Both p ...
Serotonin release from the neuronal cell body and its long
... small stepwise increase, with appropriate optics, the amplitude of the maximum fluorescence increase indicates the number of vesicles that fused. The model was fed with independent measures of the density of vesicles in the clusters and their travelling distances were measured from electronmicrograp ...
... small stepwise increase, with appropriate optics, the amplitude of the maximum fluorescence increase indicates the number of vesicles that fused. The model was fed with independent measures of the density of vesicles in the clusters and their travelling distances were measured from electronmicrograp ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... forms the motor cortex that the cup is now being held. Other regions of the brain also participate in controlling the movement, such as the basal ganglia, which help to produce the appropriate amount of force, and the cerebellum, which helps to regulate timing and corrects any errors in movement. Al ...
... forms the motor cortex that the cup is now being held. Other regions of the brain also participate in controlling the movement, such as the basal ganglia, which help to produce the appropriate amount of force, and the cerebellum, which helps to regulate timing and corrects any errors in movement. Al ...
Clinical Neurological Examination
... The patient should be awake and alert, sitting on the examining table facing the examiner. The room should be quiet and adequately illuminated. It is imperative that the patient is naked, save the patient's underwear and hospital gown, to perform a full, initial neurological screening of the patient ...
... The patient should be awake and alert, sitting on the examining table facing the examiner. The room should be quiet and adequately illuminated. It is imperative that the patient is naked, save the patient's underwear and hospital gown, to perform a full, initial neurological screening of the patient ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
... of saline evoke bursts of spikes in the hair afferents, but they also gave rise to small depolarizing potentials in the same afferents (Fig. 1B, asterisks; see later). Exteroceptive afferents received a depolarizing synaptic input (PAD) when the chordotonal organ between the endopodite and the exopo ...
... of saline evoke bursts of spikes in the hair afferents, but they also gave rise to small depolarizing potentials in the same afferents (Fig. 1B, asterisks; see later). Exteroceptive afferents received a depolarizing synaptic input (PAD) when the chordotonal organ between the endopodite and the exopo ...
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... account for 90% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have not been elucidated. Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 a nuclear protein regulating RNA processing, redistributes to the cytoplasm and forms aggregates, which are the histopathological hallmark of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ...
... account for 90% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have not been elucidated. Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 a nuclear protein regulating RNA processing, redistributes to the cytoplasm and forms aggregates, which are the histopathological hallmark of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... trigeminal tract in normal numbers, but had sparse arbors that failed to reach the correct target region in the BSTC and did not branch extensively (Figures 3J and S3B). Neurofilament staining showed no difference in overall structure between mutant and control BSTC (Figures S3C and S3D). Cumulative ...
... trigeminal tract in normal numbers, but had sparse arbors that failed to reach the correct target region in the BSTC and did not branch extensively (Figures 3J and S3B). Neurofilament staining showed no difference in overall structure between mutant and control BSTC (Figures S3C and S3D). Cumulative ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... Fig. 2. c-fos expression in the solitary subnuclei (Sol) with SLN stimulation at different frequencies. Coronal sections are shown from different animals processed for c-fos and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)immunohistochemical staining. c-fos expression is identified as nuclear staining and ...
... Fig. 2. c-fos expression in the solitary subnuclei (Sol) with SLN stimulation at different frequencies. Coronal sections are shown from different animals processed for c-fos and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)immunohistochemical staining. c-fos expression is identified as nuclear staining and ...
May 2012 TF Fletcher ()
... activated by parasympathetic innervation conveyed by the pelvic nerve. 2. Smooth muscle sphincter (internal urethral sphincter) = smooth muscle of the bladder neck and, in the case of females and male cat, the cranial urethra. It provides tonic resistance, when contracted by sympathetic innervation ...
... activated by parasympathetic innervation conveyed by the pelvic nerve. 2. Smooth muscle sphincter (internal urethral sphincter) = smooth muscle of the bladder neck and, in the case of females and male cat, the cranial urethra. It provides tonic resistance, when contracted by sympathetic innervation ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
... number of mandibular neurons than in wild type, whereas Hmx1+ and OC1 + cells were concomitantly reduced (Fig. 2F-H). This was further confirmed with Hmx1/Tbx3 double fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantified (Fig. 2I-K). This effect was not a result of increased cell death in the mand ...
... number of mandibular neurons than in wild type, whereas Hmx1+ and OC1 + cells were concomitantly reduced (Fig. 2F-H). This was further confirmed with Hmx1/Tbx3 double fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantified (Fig. 2I-K). This effect was not a result of increased cell death in the mand ...
Huffman PowerPoint Slides
... Neurons • Neurons are cells that transmit information • Neurons are composed of: – Cell body – Dendrites: extensions that receive information – Axon: extends from cell body, carries electrical potential, sends a chemical message to adjacent neurons © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vern ...
... Neurons • Neurons are cells that transmit information • Neurons are composed of: – Cell body – Dendrites: extensions that receive information – Axon: extends from cell body, carries electrical potential, sends a chemical message to adjacent neurons © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vern ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
... number of mandibular neurons than in wild type, whereas Hmx1+ and OC1 + cells were concomitantly reduced (Fig. 2F-H). This was further confirmed with Hmx1/Tbx3 double fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantified (Fig. 2I-K). This effect was not a result of increased cell death in the mand ...
... number of mandibular neurons than in wild type, whereas Hmx1+ and OC1 + cells were concomitantly reduced (Fig. 2F-H). This was further confirmed with Hmx1/Tbx3 double fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantified (Fig. 2I-K). This effect was not a result of increased cell death in the mand ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.