Fine structural analysis of extraocular muscle spindles of a two
... spindles of aged persons are already present in EOM spindles of a 2-year-old infant. Mi-1 HODS. Distal halves of two EOMs obtained from a 2-year-old multiorgan donor were immersionfixed and prepared for electron microscopy. The fine structure of 10 muscle spindles and of 1 "false ...
... spindles of aged persons are already present in EOM spindles of a 2-year-old infant. Mi-1 HODS. Distal halves of two EOMs obtained from a 2-year-old multiorgan donor were immersionfixed and prepared for electron microscopy. The fine structure of 10 muscle spindles and of 1 "false ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... were removed. Brains were stored overnight at 6°C in oxygenated Ringer solution with a pH of 7.5 ⫾ 0.1 and were used ⱕ4 days after their isolation. For the experiments, the brain stem was fixed to the sylgard floor of a chamber (volume: 2.4 ml) that was continuously perfused with oxygenated Ringer s ...
... were removed. Brains were stored overnight at 6°C in oxygenated Ringer solution with a pH of 7.5 ⫾ 0.1 and were used ⱕ4 days after their isolation. For the experiments, the brain stem was fixed to the sylgard floor of a chamber (volume: 2.4 ml) that was continuously perfused with oxygenated Ringer s ...
Open interconnected model of basal ganglia
... Therefore, while it is possible that the striosomal compartment is the first to be affected, the functional implications of this selective degeneration are not clear. Finally, dopaminergic neurons are not affected in the early stages of HD.57,60,85,86,92 Circuit Models of HD It is widely accepted th ...
... Therefore, while it is possible that the striosomal compartment is the first to be affected, the functional implications of this selective degeneration are not clear. Finally, dopaminergic neurons are not affected in the early stages of HD.57,60,85,86,92 Circuit Models of HD It is widely accepted th ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... The time to peak of the afterhyperpolarization (LAHP) was measured as the time elapsed between crossing the threshold voltage in the falling phase of the action potential to the peak of the afterhyperpolarization [39, 42]. This peak was defined as the post-spike voltage trough. (9) Input resistance ...
... The time to peak of the afterhyperpolarization (LAHP) was measured as the time elapsed between crossing the threshold voltage in the falling phase of the action potential to the peak of the afterhyperpolarization [39, 42]. This peak was defined as the post-spike voltage trough. (9) Input resistance ...
PDF
... posture. Stimulation at this site therefore did not specify a fixed set of muscle activations. Instead, the mapping from cortex to muscles depended on arm position in a way that was consistent with specifying a final posture. For most sites (279/324, 86%) tested in the precentral gyrus and the anter ...
... posture. Stimulation at this site therefore did not specify a fixed set of muscle activations. Instead, the mapping from cortex to muscles depended on arm position in a way that was consistent with specifying a final posture. For most sites (279/324, 86%) tested in the precentral gyrus and the anter ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur because there is a non-trivial relationship between the maximal conductances found in a neuron and its intrinsic properties. This is illustrated in a recent modeling study (Goldman, Golowasch, Marder, & Abbott, 2001) in which the maxima ...
... that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur because there is a non-trivial relationship between the maximal conductances found in a neuron and its intrinsic properties. This is illustrated in a recent modeling study (Goldman, Golowasch, Marder, & Abbott, 2001) in which the maxima ...
I dc
... Phase Sensitivity: Characterized by Differentiating V with respect to at a discrete time t=nP1 (P1=1/f1) |Sn|: bounded for all n Smooth Geometry |Sn|: unbounded (a dense set of singularities) ...
... Phase Sensitivity: Characterized by Differentiating V with respect to at a discrete time t=nP1 (P1=1/f1) |Sn|: bounded for all n Smooth Geometry |Sn|: unbounded (a dense set of singularities) ...
Chapter 2 in PDF - International Clinic of Rehabilitation
... By proving three-phase reactions of living organisms and the presence of parabiosis in microintervals, it became evident that three fundamental processes, namely, stimulation, inhibition and rest formed a single unit. As a result, the following features became clear: parabiotic inhibition and local ...
... By proving three-phase reactions of living organisms and the presence of parabiosis in microintervals, it became evident that three fundamental processes, namely, stimulation, inhibition and rest formed a single unit. As a result, the following features became clear: parabiotic inhibition and local ...
Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
... increase in membrane conductance (Monier et al. 2003). This in turn will lead to complex changes in the biophysical integration of synaptic inputs (Chance et al. 2002; Holt and Koch 1997; Kuhn et al. 2004). Little is known about the role of feed-forward inhibition in shaping the receptive field prop ...
... increase in membrane conductance (Monier et al. 2003). This in turn will lead to complex changes in the biophysical integration of synaptic inputs (Chance et al. 2002; Holt and Koch 1997; Kuhn et al. 2004). Little is known about the role of feed-forward inhibition in shaping the receptive field prop ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... neuronal firing was inhibited but the inspiratory duration and amplitude of the ePN were increased. Table 1 summarizes the responses of CRRNs and phrenic nerves to respiratory challenges. If the lung volumes were sustained at FRC, firing rate and duration, TI, and peak ePN of inspiratory CRRNs were ...
... neuronal firing was inhibited but the inspiratory duration and amplitude of the ePN were increased. Table 1 summarizes the responses of CRRNs and phrenic nerves to respiratory challenges. If the lung volumes were sustained at FRC, firing rate and duration, TI, and peak ePN of inspiratory CRRNs were ...
Trigeminal Ganglion Cell Processes Are
... of the dual origin (placodal vs. neural crest) of the ganglioncells (Hamburger, 1961; LeDourain et al., 1986; Nichols, 1986), or they may reflect a differentiation into the large versus small fibers seenin the mature trigeminal tract. Centrally directed processesof ganglion cells were also spatially ...
... of the dual origin (placodal vs. neural crest) of the ganglioncells (Hamburger, 1961; LeDourain et al., 1986; Nichols, 1986), or they may reflect a differentiation into the large versus small fibers seenin the mature trigeminal tract. Centrally directed processesof ganglion cells were also spatially ...
Rebound spiking properties of mouse medial entorhinal cortex neurons in vivo NEUROSYSTEMS
... Fig. 3. Hyperpolarizing current stimulation at specific input phases of the oscillation increased the probability of subsequent spikes at the peak of the oscillation in some neurons. (A) Polar plot of the input phase of hyperpolarizing current stimulation that elicited subsequent spikes of a putative ...
... Fig. 3. Hyperpolarizing current stimulation at specific input phases of the oscillation increased the probability of subsequent spikes at the peak of the oscillation in some neurons. (A) Polar plot of the input phase of hyperpolarizing current stimulation that elicited subsequent spikes of a putative ...
Document
... membranes are adherent to one another at multiple points so that force generated in one muscle fiber can be transmitted to the next • The cell membranes are joined by many gap junctions through which ions flow freely from one muscle cell to the next so that action potentials or simple ion flow witho ...
... membranes are adherent to one another at multiple points so that force generated in one muscle fiber can be transmitted to the next • The cell membranes are joined by many gap junctions through which ions flow freely from one muscle cell to the next so that action potentials or simple ion flow witho ...
22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
... The behavioral repertoire of humans is broad, extending from simple behaviors such as sensory perception to more complex cognitive behaviors like language or creativity. Interestingly, no matter how simple or complex are these behaviors, they share without exception the common feature that their exp ...
... The behavioral repertoire of humans is broad, extending from simple behaviors such as sensory perception to more complex cognitive behaviors like language or creativity. Interestingly, no matter how simple or complex are these behaviors, they share without exception the common feature that their exp ...
19 Sensation of Smell-14322012-09
... subdivided into seven primary qualities of smell; peppermint, musk, floral, ethereal, pungent, putrid and camphoreaceous. • There is functional mapping of specific odours to specific regions within the olfactory tract. • The bipolar olfactory cells are linked to the olfactory bulb via short axons. T ...
... subdivided into seven primary qualities of smell; peppermint, musk, floral, ethereal, pungent, putrid and camphoreaceous. • There is functional mapping of specific odours to specific regions within the olfactory tract. • The bipolar olfactory cells are linked to the olfactory bulb via short axons. T ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 5.15 (A) Estimate of mutual information between face stimuli and firing rate responses of C cells in the inferior-temporal cortex. The set of stimuli consisted 20 faces (stars). 8 faces (crosses), and 4 face(squares). (B) the information in the population of cells relative to the umber of stimu ...
... Fig. 5.15 (A) Estimate of mutual information between face stimuli and firing rate responses of C cells in the inferior-temporal cortex. The set of stimuli consisted 20 faces (stars). 8 faces (crosses), and 4 face(squares). (B) the information in the population of cells relative to the umber of stimu ...
Changes in the N1-P2 Complex after Speech
... Through training, subjects learned to identify the ⴚ20 msec VOT stimulus as “mba” and ⴚ10 msec VOT stimulus as “ba.” As subjects learned to correctly identify the difference between the ⴚ20 msec and ⴚ10 msec VOT syllabi, an increase in N1-P2 peak-topeak amplitude was observed. The effects of trainin ...
... Through training, subjects learned to identify the ⴚ20 msec VOT stimulus as “mba” and ⴚ10 msec VOT stimulus as “ba.” As subjects learned to correctly identify the difference between the ⴚ20 msec and ⴚ10 msec VOT syllabi, an increase in N1-P2 peak-topeak amplitude was observed. The effects of trainin ...
Movement disorders
... It is usual to start with half a tablet of 25/100 (PDI/levodopa) strength b.d. or t.d. for a couple of weeks, then doubling the dose and waiting to judge the effect over time with continued treatment, however, the duration of benefit following an individual dose becomes progressively shorter until i ...
... It is usual to start with half a tablet of 25/100 (PDI/levodopa) strength b.d. or t.d. for a couple of weeks, then doubling the dose and waiting to judge the effect over time with continued treatment, however, the duration of benefit following an individual dose becomes progressively shorter until i ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 5.15 (A) Estimate of mutual information between face stimuli and firing rate responses of C cells in the inferior-temporal cortex. The set of stimuli consisted 20 faces (stars). 8 faces (crosses), and 4 face(squares). (B) the information in the population of cells relative to the umber of stimu ...
... Fig. 5.15 (A) Estimate of mutual information between face stimuli and firing rate responses of C cells in the inferior-temporal cortex. The set of stimuli consisted 20 faces (stars). 8 faces (crosses), and 4 face(squares). (B) the information in the population of cells relative to the umber of stimu ...
Imitation: is cognitive neuroscience solving the correspondence
... by Prinz and colleagues in a series of reaction time experiments using interference paradigms [13–15]. The logic behind their approach is very simple. If observation of an action, A, leads to activation of an internal motor representation of A, then observation of A while preparing to execute an alt ...
... by Prinz and colleagues in a series of reaction time experiments using interference paradigms [13–15]. The logic behind their approach is very simple. If observation of an action, A, leads to activation of an internal motor representation of A, then observation of A while preparing to execute an alt ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... monitored throughout the recording, and neurons exhibiting .25% change were rejected. Voltage errors attributable to series resistance and the liquid junction potential were subtracted off-line. In some instances in which the reversal potential of EPSC s was sought, the electrode solution was modifi ...
... monitored throughout the recording, and neurons exhibiting .25% change were rejected. Voltage errors attributable to series resistance and the liquid junction potential were subtracted off-line. In some instances in which the reversal potential of EPSC s was sought, the electrode solution was modifi ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... Lundy, Robert F., Jr. and Ralph Norgren. Pontine gustatory activity is altered by electrical stimulation in the central nucleus of the amygdala. J Neurophysiol 85: 770 –783, 2001. Visceral signals and experience modulate the responses of brain stem neurons to gustatory stimuli. Both behavioral and a ...
... Lundy, Robert F., Jr. and Ralph Norgren. Pontine gustatory activity is altered by electrical stimulation in the central nucleus of the amygdala. J Neurophysiol 85: 770 –783, 2001. Visceral signals and experience modulate the responses of brain stem neurons to gustatory stimuli. Both behavioral and a ...
Deleterious effects of amyloid beta peptide in the neuromuscular
... (SOD1) G93A mice (model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS]) and that Aβ peptide(s) were localized predominantly within affected motor neurons (MN) and surrounding glial cells. Moreover, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) loss and MN degeneration were reduced in SOD1 mice when APP was genetica ...
... (SOD1) G93A mice (model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS]) and that Aβ peptide(s) were localized predominantly within affected motor neurons (MN) and surrounding glial cells. Moreover, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) loss and MN degeneration were reduced in SOD1 mice when APP was genetica ...
Stimulation Within the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Can Evoke
... Stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla can evoke monosynaptic GABAergic IPSPs in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) to stimulation within the rostral ventrolater ...
... Stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla can evoke monosynaptic GABAergic IPSPs in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) to stimulation within the rostral ventrolater ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.