Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... All experiments were approved by the University of Otago Animal Ethics Committee. Adult male Wistar rats (n ⫽ 4) were maintained in a reversed 12 h light/dark cycle with restricted food (18 g/d) and free water access. All experiments were conducted during the rats’ dark cycle. Before surgery, rats w ...
... All experiments were approved by the University of Otago Animal Ethics Committee. Adult male Wistar rats (n ⫽ 4) were maintained in a reversed 12 h light/dark cycle with restricted food (18 g/d) and free water access. All experiments were conducted during the rats’ dark cycle. Before surgery, rats w ...
In 1978 Mountcastle hypothesized that the smallest functional unit of
... (“mosaic”) made up of discrete place-defined macrocolumns – “segregates”– in the region of cat and monkey somatosensory cortex which receives input from forelimb skin, also proposed that discrete place-defined macrocolumns are a common mode of topographic organization throughout somatosensory cortex ...
... (“mosaic”) made up of discrete place-defined macrocolumns – “segregates”– in the region of cat and monkey somatosensory cortex which receives input from forelimb skin, also proposed that discrete place-defined macrocolumns are a common mode of topographic organization throughout somatosensory cortex ...
Nervous System PowerPoint - Westinghouse College Prep
... Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Burning Mouth Syndrome – An Enigma
... nerve even in patients with long standing disease, suggest that BMS is caused by a primary axonopathy rather than a neuronopathy. Nevertheless, selective degeneration of small-diameter sensory neurons cannot be excluded (Lauria et al., 2005). The epithelial nerve fibers of papilla are naked axons wi ...
... nerve even in patients with long standing disease, suggest that BMS is caused by a primary axonopathy rather than a neuronopathy. Nevertheless, selective degeneration of small-diameter sensory neurons cannot be excluded (Lauria et al., 2005). The epithelial nerve fibers of papilla are naked axons wi ...
Research in Mammalian Mastication1
... and muscle activity patterns that occur 2 and 5a interneurons allow feedback during mammalian mastication strongly between the motor subroutines and the suggests that the masticatory CPG is more sensory processing network (thalamus, sensory cerebral cortex, cerebellum, etc.); than just a "neural osc ...
... and muscle activity patterns that occur 2 and 5a interneurons allow feedback during mammalian mastication strongly between the motor subroutines and the suggests that the masticatory CPG is more sensory processing network (thalamus, sensory cerebral cortex, cerebellum, etc.); than just a "neural osc ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... neurons on one electrode, while at the same time weakly exciting neurons on the other electrode (Fig. 4). Recording sites for the two electrodes were the edge of E7 whisker barrel and between C5, D6, and D7 barrels. One electrode had a receptive field of “F-row” whiskers that have no barrels associa ...
... neurons on one electrode, while at the same time weakly exciting neurons on the other electrode (Fig. 4). Recording sites for the two electrodes were the edge of E7 whisker barrel and between C5, D6, and D7 barrels. One electrode had a receptive field of “F-row” whiskers that have no barrels associa ...
FISIOLOGI HIDUNG DAN SINUS PARANASAL
... Olfactory threshold & Discrimination Olfactory receptors respond only to substances that are in contact with olfactory epithelium and are dissolved in thin layer of mucus that covers it Olfactory threshold remarkable sensitive to some substances ...
... Olfactory threshold & Discrimination Olfactory receptors respond only to substances that are in contact with olfactory epithelium and are dissolved in thin layer of mucus that covers it Olfactory threshold remarkable sensitive to some substances ...
Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma
... MG (MGv) and delineates the extent of their terminal arbors in the middle layers of primary auditory cortex (Robertson et al. 1991). In 15 juvenile rats, slices cut as described to maintain the thalamocortical pathway displayed distinct AChE-positive bands in auditory cortex (Fig. 1B) as well as den ...
... MG (MGv) and delineates the extent of their terminal arbors in the middle layers of primary auditory cortex (Robertson et al. 1991). In 15 juvenile rats, slices cut as described to maintain the thalamocortical pathway displayed distinct AChE-positive bands in auditory cortex (Fig. 1B) as well as den ...
FISIOLOGI HIDUNG DAN SINUS PARANASAL
... Olfactory threshold & Discrimination Olfactory receptors respond only to substances that are in contact with olfactory epithelium and are dissolved in thin layer of mucus that covers it Olfactory threshold remarkable sensitive to some substances Olfactory discrimination is remarkable ...
... Olfactory threshold & Discrimination Olfactory receptors respond only to substances that are in contact with olfactory epithelium and are dissolved in thin layer of mucus that covers it Olfactory threshold remarkable sensitive to some substances Olfactory discrimination is remarkable ...
PDF
... he ventral intraparietal area (VIP) in the monkey brain receives convergent input from visual, somatosensory, and motor areas (1, 2). Neurons in VIP respond to visual and somatosensory stimuli, with a relative emphasis on stimuli that are near, approaching, or touching the head (3–5). Many neurons a ...
... he ventral intraparietal area (VIP) in the monkey brain receives convergent input from visual, somatosensory, and motor areas (1, 2). Neurons in VIP respond to visual and somatosensory stimuli, with a relative emphasis on stimuli that are near, approaching, or touching the head (3–5). Many neurons a ...
Lecture 6: Single neuron models
... which, on release, may activate a corresponding pool of postsynaptic receptors (Walmsley et al., 1998). The RRVP is replenished from a large reserve pool. The reality is likely to be more complex than this, with vesicles in the RRVP possibly consisting of a number of subpools, each in different stat ...
... which, on release, may activate a corresponding pool of postsynaptic receptors (Walmsley et al., 1998). The RRVP is replenished from a large reserve pool. The reality is likely to be more complex than this, with vesicles in the RRVP possibly consisting of a number of subpools, each in different stat ...
chapter 9_lecture - Leland Public Schools
... Other neurotransmitters may decrease membrane permeability to sodium ions, reducing the chance that it will reach threshold, and are thus inhibitory. ...
... Other neurotransmitters may decrease membrane permeability to sodium ions, reducing the chance that it will reach threshold, and are thus inhibitory. ...
Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of Pain Generation
... In daily life the sensation pain is specifically evoked by potential or actual noxious (i.e. tissue damaging) stimuli applied to the body such as heat, squeezing a skin fold or over-rotating a joint. The predictable correlation between the noxious stimulus and the pain sensation causes us to avoid be ...
... In daily life the sensation pain is specifically evoked by potential or actual noxious (i.e. tissue damaging) stimuli applied to the body such as heat, squeezing a skin fold or over-rotating a joint. The predictable correlation between the noxious stimulus and the pain sensation causes us to avoid be ...
Course of spinocerebellar axons in the ventral and lateral funiculi of
... In an earlier study we used a retrograde tracing technique to investigate the location and course of spinocerebellar axons in the spinal cord of the cat following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-HRP into the anterior lobe, the main area of termination of spi ...
... In an earlier study we used a retrograde tracing technique to investigate the location and course of spinocerebellar axons in the spinal cord of the cat following injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-HRP into the anterior lobe, the main area of termination of spi ...
Functional Synaptic Contacts by Intranuclear
... innervate the recorded cell, we next applied the voltageapparently innervating lamina A or A1 of the lateral geniculate dependent Na ⫹-channel blocker TTX to eliminate action potennucleus. Figure 1 shows two examples of such intrageniculate tials in the presynaptic cells. In TTX, ACPD did not produc ...
... innervate the recorded cell, we next applied the voltageapparently innervating lamina A or A1 of the lateral geniculate dependent Na ⫹-channel blocker TTX to eliminate action potennucleus. Figure 1 shows two examples of such intrageniculate tials in the presynaptic cells. In TTX, ACPD did not produc ...
Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after
... Treatment of Hb9:GFP larvae with 5 and 10 mM MTZ did not result in any cell loss, indicating that MTZ alone was not toxic to motor neurons (data not shown). mCherry fluorescence was also reduced in the heart (Fig. S6), suggesting ablation of heart tissue and blood flow in ventral and ...
... Treatment of Hb9:GFP larvae with 5 and 10 mM MTZ did not result in any cell loss, indicating that MTZ alone was not toxic to motor neurons (data not shown). mCherry fluorescence was also reduced in the heart (Fig. S6), suggesting ablation of heart tissue and blood flow in ventral and ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... how causes interact: e.g. that objects maintain a constant size irrespective of their distance from the observer. This inferential process is fundamentally Bayesian, as it involves the construction of a posterior probability density from a prior distribution over causes and sensory data. The brain c ...
... how causes interact: e.g. that objects maintain a constant size irrespective of their distance from the observer. This inferential process is fundamentally Bayesian, as it involves the construction of a posterior probability density from a prior distribution over causes and sensory data. The brain c ...
Potassium channels in C. elegans
... Voltage-gated potassium channels are the largest class of 6TM channels. These channels are activated by depolarization, but function with a wide diversity of activation and inactivation kinetics. In mammals, these channels are widely expressed in brain, muscle and heart where they control complex wa ...
... Voltage-gated potassium channels are the largest class of 6TM channels. These channels are activated by depolarization, but function with a wide diversity of activation and inactivation kinetics. In mammals, these channels are widely expressed in brain, muscle and heart where they control complex wa ...
Mutations in sodium-channel gene SCN9A cause a spectrum of
... mutant channels will generate a larger than normal inward sodium current. Repriming, which is the recovery from inactivation, has been shown to be faster for channels possessing specific PE mutations (5, 6, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43). Each of these alterations in activation and deactivation can contribute ...
... mutant channels will generate a larger than normal inward sodium current. Repriming, which is the recovery from inactivation, has been shown to be faster for channels possessing specific PE mutations (5, 6, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43). Each of these alterations in activation and deactivation can contribute ...
Giant Fibre Activation of Direct Flight Muscles in
... in amplitude had no effect on the voltage thresholds required to evoke muscle potentials and the latencies of the potentials. Thus, the amplitude changes do not alter the main conclusions presented in this report and no attempt was made to minimize muscle fibre contractions. Direct wing elevators ar ...
... in amplitude had no effect on the voltage thresholds required to evoke muscle potentials and the latencies of the potentials. Thus, the amplitude changes do not alter the main conclusions presented in this report and no attempt was made to minimize muscle fibre contractions. Direct wing elevators ar ...
Contraction Properties of VLSI Cooperative Competitive Neural
... responses qualitatively similar to standard linear I&F neurons [20]. A steady state solution is easily computable for a network of linear threshold units [5, 21]: it is a fixed point in state space, i.e. a set of activities for the neurons. In a VLSI network of I&F neurons the steady state will be m ...
... responses qualitatively similar to standard linear I&F neurons [20]. A steady state solution is easily computable for a network of linear threshold units [5, 21]: it is a fixed point in state space, i.e. a set of activities for the neurons. In a VLSI network of I&F neurons the steady state will be m ...
download file
... In the auditory system, receptive fields are described by tuning curves that quantify neural selectivity for tones over a limited range of frequency and intensity. Several investigators have demonstrated that these receptive fields can be altered by learning (Recanzone 2000; Scheich et al. 1997; Weinb ...
... In the auditory system, receptive fields are described by tuning curves that quantify neural selectivity for tones over a limited range of frequency and intensity. Several investigators have demonstrated that these receptive fields can be altered by learning (Recanzone 2000; Scheich et al. 1997; Weinb ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.