The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... Comparison of these distribution patterns with those produced by an antiserum directed against dopamine-&hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker of neocortical noradrenergic axons, revealed marked differences. DBH-immunoreactive fibers were observed in some cortical locations where few or no TH-labeled ...
... Comparison of these distribution patterns with those produced by an antiserum directed against dopamine-&hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker of neocortical noradrenergic axons, revealed marked differences. DBH-immunoreactive fibers were observed in some cortical locations where few or no TH-labeled ...
Axonogenesis in the Brain of Zebrafish Embryos
... by commissures. Each tract is established by identified clusters of approximately 2-12 neurons found in discrete regions of the brain. Many identified clusters of neurons project axons in a defined direction appropriate for the cluster and have axons with stereotyped trajectories, suggesting that th ...
... by commissures. Each tract is established by identified clusters of approximately 2-12 neurons found in discrete regions of the brain. Many identified clusters of neurons project axons in a defined direction appropriate for the cluster and have axons with stereotyped trajectories, suggesting that th ...
Temporal Sequence Detection with Spiking Neurons: Towards
... in neural computing models. Different models of spiking neurons have been developed (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952; Rall, 1989; Segev et al., 1989; Kistler et al., 1997; Panchev et al., 2002), but there is still an ongoing debate on which are the essential properties of the biological neurons necessary t ...
... in neural computing models. Different models of spiking neurons have been developed (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952; Rall, 1989; Segev et al., 1989; Kistler et al., 1997; Panchev et al., 2002), but there is still an ongoing debate on which are the essential properties of the biological neurons necessary t ...
Part 2 - Dimon Institute
... whole. This process is far too complex to be directed piece by piece. We never just contract one muscle; the entire support system must constantly adjust itself in relation to whatever we are doing as the background against which the specific contraction takes place. This overall support, which prod ...
... whole. This process is far too complex to be directed piece by piece. We never just contract one muscle; the entire support system must constantly adjust itself in relation to whatever we are doing as the background against which the specific contraction takes place. This overall support, which prod ...
Neuronal Calcium Signaling Review
... RYR isoform in the brain is the cardiac RYR2. The exception is that the cerebellar Purkinje neurons express mainly the skeletal muscle RYR1 isoform. The RYRs are primarily located in the soma of neurons (Kuwajima et al., 1992; Seymour-Laurent and Barish, 1995), but they can be found within other reg ...
... RYR isoform in the brain is the cardiac RYR2. The exception is that the cerebellar Purkinje neurons express mainly the skeletal muscle RYR1 isoform. The RYRs are primarily located in the soma of neurons (Kuwajima et al., 1992; Seymour-Laurent and Barish, 1995), but they can be found within other reg ...
Synaptic Transmission between Dorsal Root Ganglion and Dorsal
... pathways. DRG-evoked EPSPs were therefore classified as monosynaptic if their latencies were constant, if they followed 10 Hz stimulation, and if, in high levels of divalent cations, repetitive stimulation resulted in a monophasic EPSP. Depolarizations of slow onset or prolonged duration were not ob ...
... pathways. DRG-evoked EPSPs were therefore classified as monosynaptic if their latencies were constant, if they followed 10 Hz stimulation, and if, in high levels of divalent cations, repetitive stimulation resulted in a monophasic EPSP. Depolarizations of slow onset or prolonged duration were not ob ...
Analyzing Neural Responses to Natural Signals: Maximally
... The stimuli analyzed by sensory neurons are intrinsically high-dimensional, with dimensions D » 102 ¡ 103 . For example, in the case of visual neurons, the input is commonly specied as light intensity on a grid of at least 10£10 pixels. Each of the presented stimuli can be described as a vector s i ...
... The stimuli analyzed by sensory neurons are intrinsically high-dimensional, with dimensions D » 102 ¡ 103 . For example, in the case of visual neurons, the input is commonly specied as light intensity on a grid of at least 10£10 pixels. Each of the presented stimuli can be described as a vector s i ...
Understanding Embodied Cognition through Dynamical Systems
... after only a short period, it effectively becomes a transient perturbation. The system will return to the resting state, the original attractor in the ...
... after only a short period, it effectively becomes a transient perturbation. The system will return to the resting state, the original attractor in the ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... ‘fast’, ‘far’ or ‘near’, are some of the simplest features that we can assign to a visual stimulus and are some of the basic attributes that we can perceive. But the transition from neural activity to perception is not simple and remains largely unknown. This process is not intractable, however, and ...
... ‘fast’, ‘far’ or ‘near’, are some of the simplest features that we can assign to a visual stimulus and are some of the basic attributes that we can perceive. But the transition from neural activity to perception is not simple and remains largely unknown. This process is not intractable, however, and ...
pdf
... increasing rates of spine surgery (2). Despite advances in technology and surgical techniques, the proportion of FBSS is similar to what it was several decades ago (3) and varies with the type of surgical procedure: FBSS in lumbar diskectomy is relatively low at approximately 10%, laminectomy at abo ...
... increasing rates of spine surgery (2). Despite advances in technology and surgical techniques, the proportion of FBSS is similar to what it was several decades ago (3) and varies with the type of surgical procedure: FBSS in lumbar diskectomy is relatively low at approximately 10%, laminectomy at abo ...
A lineage-related reciprocal inhibition circuitry for sensory
... combined with R2/4-specific EB1-Gal4 (Fig. 4g and Supplementary Fig. 5a) and NV45-LexA::VP16 specific to R3 neurons (Fig. 4h and Supplementary Fig. 5b). When EB1-Gal4 and NV45-LexA were combined for GRASP, reconstituted GFP fluorescence was detectable around the EB’s circumference and intersecting m ...
... combined with R2/4-specific EB1-Gal4 (Fig. 4g and Supplementary Fig. 5a) and NV45-LexA::VP16 specific to R3 neurons (Fig. 4h and Supplementary Fig. 5b). When EB1-Gal4 and NV45-LexA were combined for GRASP, reconstituted GFP fluorescence was detectable around the EB’s circumference and intersecting m ...
Lesson #7-8
... contralateral pontine nuclei (and thus, indirectly, from the contralateral cerebral cortex), and the contralateral olivary nuclear complex in the medulla (olive, for short). The olivary fibers are the so-called climbing fibers, which terminate on the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex, climbing ...
... contralateral pontine nuclei (and thus, indirectly, from the contralateral cerebral cortex), and the contralateral olivary nuclear complex in the medulla (olive, for short). The olivary fibers are the so-called climbing fibers, which terminate on the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex, climbing ...
Neurofilaments and Orthograde Transport Are Reduced in Ventral
... Since only variations in the number of KSP motifs in NFH have been observed in some ALS patients (Figlewicz et al., 1994), other factors may lead to disruption of the NF network in neurodegenerative disorders. For example, mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1), which occurs in z20% ...
... Since only variations in the number of KSP motifs in NFH have been observed in some ALS patients (Figlewicz et al., 1994), other factors may lead to disruption of the NF network in neurodegenerative disorders. For example, mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene (SOD1), which occurs in z20% ...
studying the isolated central nervous system
... expected direction, i.e. higher at the higher temperature and lower at the lower temperature. What interested us were the transient changes in nerve activity in the "wrong" direction. The explanation for this was provided by Tony Ridge who showed, using internal microelectrodes on various preparatio ...
... expected direction, i.e. higher at the higher temperature and lower at the lower temperature. What interested us were the transient changes in nerve activity in the "wrong" direction. The explanation for this was provided by Tony Ridge who showed, using internal microelectrodes on various preparatio ...
Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... cranial vessels and that this innervation mediates the nociceptive in¯ow from the meningies to the brain (Hoskin et al., 1996; Strassman et al., 1996; Bove and Moskowitz, 1997). This innervation is considered to be the peripheral substrate of head pain in primary headache syndromes, such as migraine ...
... cranial vessels and that this innervation mediates the nociceptive in¯ow from the meningies to the brain (Hoskin et al., 1996; Strassman et al., 1996; Bove and Moskowitz, 1997). This innervation is considered to be the peripheral substrate of head pain in primary headache syndromes, such as migraine ...
the electron microscopic localization of
... are resolved within many of these. Deposits of lead sulfide may be seen either surrounding very small axon branches, or as discontinuous patches on the surface of larger axons. The cytological details of the localization of this reaction are more clearly seen at higher magnification in Figs. 7, 8, 9 ...
... are resolved within many of these. Deposits of lead sulfide may be seen either surrounding very small axon branches, or as discontinuous patches on the surface of larger axons. The cytological details of the localization of this reaction are more clearly seen at higher magnification in Figs. 7, 8, 9 ...
Unit 1 SPPA 342
... High Cholesterol Levels (hypercholesterolemia) also increase the risk of stroke. HDL or High Density Lipoprotein is the "good" cholesterol. LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein is the "bad" cholesterol. It is all right to have elevated levels of HDL, but having a high concentration of LDL in the blood is ...
... High Cholesterol Levels (hypercholesterolemia) also increase the risk of stroke. HDL or High Density Lipoprotein is the "good" cholesterol. LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein is the "bad" cholesterol. It is all right to have elevated levels of HDL, but having a high concentration of LDL in the blood is ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... activity during a task discriminating between hues of gray. Then, within these areas, they tested whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associat ...
... activity during a task discriminating between hues of gray. Then, within these areas, they tested whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associat ...
Physiology of Ejaculation
... thoracic level (T10) through penile vibratory stimulation. This demonstrates the endurance of emission reflexes even after spinal cord trauma as well as coordinated control of pelvic floor and bulbospongiosus muscles despite the disconnection of neural pathways from supraspinal control [30–32]. Rese ...
... thoracic level (T10) through penile vibratory stimulation. This demonstrates the endurance of emission reflexes even after spinal cord trauma as well as coordinated control of pelvic floor and bulbospongiosus muscles despite the disconnection of neural pathways from supraspinal control [30–32]. Rese ...
Princeton-Learning
... become ill. Now Zach is seventeen and becomes nauseous whenever he smells shrimp. Zach has experienced what principle of classical conditioning? (A) Negative reinforcement (B) Systematic desensitization (C) Higher-order conditioning (D) Latent learning (E) Conditioned taste aversion 49. In operant c ...
... become ill. Now Zach is seventeen and becomes nauseous whenever he smells shrimp. Zach has experienced what principle of classical conditioning? (A) Negative reinforcement (B) Systematic desensitization (C) Higher-order conditioning (D) Latent learning (E) Conditioned taste aversion 49. In operant c ...
Negatively-Correlated Firing - Department of Computer Science
... lation. There is, however, another way to accelerate the central limit effect, and this is to have a noise component that is negatively-correlated. It can be seen in figure 1 that negatively-correlated noise cancels out much more quickly and effectively than independent noise, because corresponding ...
... lation. There is, however, another way to accelerate the central limit effect, and this is to have a noise component that is negatively-correlated. It can be seen in figure 1 that negatively-correlated noise cancels out much more quickly and effectively than independent noise, because corresponding ...
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of
... Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive technique used to stimulate the human brain in vivo using very strong, pulsed magnetic fields. The technique involves the delivery of a magnetic pulse to the cortex of a subject through a hand-held stimulating coil applied directl ...
... Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive technique used to stimulate the human brain in vivo using very strong, pulsed magnetic fields. The technique involves the delivery of a magnetic pulse to the cortex of a subject through a hand-held stimulating coil applied directl ...
Morphometric Studies of the Neuropathological Changes in
... shrunken areas where the nerve cells may even be crowded together though their number is reduced . On the other hand gliosis is usually described in those shrunken structures despite the fact that the higher density of glial cells could also be caused by shrinkage without a real increase in the abso ...
... shrunken areas where the nerve cells may even be crowded together though their number is reduced . On the other hand gliosis is usually described in those shrunken structures despite the fact that the higher density of glial cells could also be caused by shrinkage without a real increase in the abso ...
Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous
... function and in pathological conditions. For hippocampus the normal function includes changes in excitability linked to learning and memory. However, it also is intimately linked to pathological increases in excitability observed in epilepsy. In C–fibers, excitability controls sensitivity to respons ...
... function and in pathological conditions. For hippocampus the normal function includes changes in excitability linked to learning and memory. However, it also is intimately linked to pathological increases in excitability observed in epilepsy. In C–fibers, excitability controls sensitivity to respons ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.