segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron's response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron's response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
The Peripheral Nervous System
... • Although the somatic nervous system is generally under conscious control, some actions of the system occur automatically. • For example, if you accidentally step on a tack with your bare foot, your leg may recoil before you are even aware of the pain. • This rapid response (a reflex) is caused by ...
... • Although the somatic nervous system is generally under conscious control, some actions of the system occur automatically. • For example, if you accidentally step on a tack with your bare foot, your leg may recoil before you are even aware of the pain. • This rapid response (a reflex) is caused by ...
Print this article - University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life
... The treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) relies heavily on levodopa therapy. Although highly effective in ameliorating the debilitating symptoms of PD, levodopa treatment is largely associated with the development of abnormal involuntary movements. Several studies have suggested that these motor co ...
... The treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) relies heavily on levodopa therapy. Although highly effective in ameliorating the debilitating symptoms of PD, levodopa treatment is largely associated with the development of abnormal involuntary movements. Several studies have suggested that these motor co ...
Lateral olfactory processing
... much less effective at eliminating the observed inhibition than the simultaneous blockade of both receptors at once. Interestingly, the magnitude of the lateral inhibition evoked by an odorant was wellcorrelated with the total activity that odorant evokes across all ORNs in the antennal lobe. This f ...
... much less effective at eliminating the observed inhibition than the simultaneous blockade of both receptors at once. Interestingly, the magnitude of the lateral inhibition evoked by an odorant was wellcorrelated with the total activity that odorant evokes across all ORNs in the antennal lobe. This f ...
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and
... field potentials (7) during interictal activity. The interictal activity was elicited by penicillin. A,B: Potential distribution after surface application of the drug. In A, the spread of penicillin is limited by the use of penicillinase. C: Potential distribution after intracortical application of ...
... field potentials (7) during interictal activity. The interictal activity was elicited by penicillin. A,B: Potential distribution after surface application of the drug. In A, the spread of penicillin is limited by the use of penicillinase. C: Potential distribution after intracortical application of ...
Experiencing Sensation and Perception
... Finding the noiciceptor [to glossary], the receptor for pain, has proved particularly difficult over the years. In fact at time it has been proposed that there are not particular receptors that respond to pain ...
... Finding the noiciceptor [to glossary], the receptor for pain, has proved particularly difficult over the years. In fact at time it has been proposed that there are not particular receptors that respond to pain ...
Motor Cognition and Mental Simulation
... the corresponding movement or action ourselves. The existence of these shared representations suggests that mental simulations are particularly useful for reasoning about possible actions that you or someone else could take. Consider the results of three studies that have explored perception–action ...
... the corresponding movement or action ourselves. The existence of these shared representations suggests that mental simulations are particularly useful for reasoning about possible actions that you or someone else could take. Consider the results of three studies that have explored perception–action ...
Decoding Motor Commands in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits for the
... Working with this project has been an exciting journey. Exciting because there is so much that remains unknown about the brain, so much knowledge waiting to be explored. Both of us were interested in getting a deeper knowledge of neuroscience and how the brain works. To get to examine it from an eng ...
... Working with this project has been an exciting journey. Exciting because there is so much that remains unknown about the brain, so much knowledge waiting to be explored. Both of us were interested in getting a deeper knowledge of neuroscience and how the brain works. To get to examine it from an eng ...
Axonal degeneration as a therapeutic target in the CNS | SpringerLink
... make a selection of cited works reflecting our effort to draw ...
... make a selection of cited works reflecting our effort to draw ...
Medical Gross Anatomy - University of Michigan
... parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are located within the central nervous system. These presynaptic autonomic neurons synapse only with postsynaptic autonomic neurons. (There is one exception, in the adrenal gland, which will be discussed later in this module.) The cell bodies of postsynaptic a ...
... parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are located within the central nervous system. These presynaptic autonomic neurons synapse only with postsynaptic autonomic neurons. (There is one exception, in the adrenal gland, which will be discussed later in this module.) The cell bodies of postsynaptic a ...
Motor Cortex Stimulation for Refractory Benign Pain
... pain to accurate localization of the motor cortex using computerized image guidance and extensive intraoperative electrophysiological localization. The relative short follow-up of some patients in this series after either a new implant or surgical revision of electrode positioning may account at lea ...
... pain to accurate localization of the motor cortex using computerized image guidance and extensive intraoperative electrophysiological localization. The relative short follow-up of some patients in this series after either a new implant or surgical revision of electrode positioning may account at lea ...
This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of
... of the longitudinal and circular muscles produce a peristaltic wave, moving from tail to head, which is used for locomotion and burrowing. In segmented structures, the larger the number of segments, the greater is the potential for localized control of forces and shape changes. The number and dimens ...
... of the longitudinal and circular muscles produce a peristaltic wave, moving from tail to head, which is used for locomotion and burrowing. In segmented structures, the larger the number of segments, the greater is the potential for localized control of forces and shape changes. The number and dimens ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... of defined classes of postmitotic cells (Figure 1a). Like spinal progenitors, postmitotic neuronal classes are defined by the specific transcription factors they express, and they can be further categorized on the basis of their connectivity patterns, neurotransmitter systems, and physiological prop ...
... of defined classes of postmitotic cells (Figure 1a). Like spinal progenitors, postmitotic neuronal classes are defined by the specific transcription factors they express, and they can be further categorized on the basis of their connectivity patterns, neurotransmitter systems, and physiological prop ...
Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels in the CNS
... function has been reported to occur in a variety of neuropathological states including axonal degeneration, epilepsy and brain injury. Changes in voltage-gated Na+ channel activity can play a role in reorganization, recovery, or possibly excitotoxic damage following injury. Prolonged hypoxemia in fe ...
... function has been reported to occur in a variety of neuropathological states including axonal degeneration, epilepsy and brain injury. Changes in voltage-gated Na+ channel activity can play a role in reorganization, recovery, or possibly excitotoxic damage following injury. Prolonged hypoxemia in fe ...
Transverse mechanical properties of rat skeletal muscle
... kinetics during compression-decompression cycle applied on rat TA. Axial and transverse twitch forces (twA, twT) were quantified by the contraction amplitude (FA-Amp, FT-Amp), time to peak contraction, and time to half relaxation. Axial twitch parameter values were normalized with respect to the ini ...
... kinetics during compression-decompression cycle applied on rat TA. Axial and transverse twitch forces (twA, twT) were quantified by the contraction amplitude (FA-Amp, FT-Amp), time to peak contraction, and time to half relaxation. Axial twitch parameter values were normalized with respect to the ini ...
Computational principles underlying recognition
... Boyan 1992, 1999). Local neurons perform first processing steps and then transmit their messages to a rather large number of ascending neurons (so far around 15–20 different types have been identified, see Römer and Marquart 1984; Stumpner 1988; Stumpner and Ronacher 1991, 1994). The ascending neuro ...
... Boyan 1992, 1999). Local neurons perform first processing steps and then transmit their messages to a rather large number of ascending neurons (so far around 15–20 different types have been identified, see Römer and Marquart 1984; Stumpner 1988; Stumpner and Ronacher 1991, 1994). The ascending neuro ...
Preferential Termination of Corticorubral Axons on Spine
... During brain development, growth cones navigate through a complex environment to reach their target. Recent studies have revealed various kinds of interactions during growth cone navigation (for review, see Dodd and Jessel, 1988; Goodman and Shatz, 1993; Goodman, 1996), but relatively little is know ...
... During brain development, growth cones navigate through a complex environment to reach their target. Recent studies have revealed various kinds of interactions during growth cone navigation (for review, see Dodd and Jessel, 1988; Goodman and Shatz, 1993; Goodman, 1996), but relatively little is know ...
Sodium channel expression in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of
... voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal sodium channels Nav1.1, Nav1.2, or Nav1.6 in VPL neurons, although we can not rule out a contribution of other ...
... voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal sodium channels Nav1.1, Nav1.2, or Nav1.6 in VPL neurons, although we can not rule out a contribution of other ...
Pain
... and supplied by the same dorsal root ganglia. •Abnormal sites are due to migration of viscera. ...
... and supplied by the same dorsal root ganglia. •Abnormal sites are due to migration of viscera. ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... reasons for the failure to translate these treatments from animal to patient studies are differences in lesion size, composition of brain tissue or timing of drug delivery [4–6]. Knowledge of the dynamics of the (patho)physiological processes occurring during and after ischemia is argued to be neces ...
... reasons for the failure to translate these treatments from animal to patient studies are differences in lesion size, composition of brain tissue or timing of drug delivery [4–6]. Knowledge of the dynamics of the (patho)physiological processes occurring during and after ischemia is argued to be neces ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... from dendrites in the cell-attached configuration. It was not possible to use this configuration routinely, because most neurons were spontaneously active and thus it was impossible to control the membrane voltage. In a limited number of cells that did not show spontaneous firing, we determined acti ...
... from dendrites in the cell-attached configuration. It was not possible to use this configuration routinely, because most neurons were spontaneously active and thus it was impossible to control the membrane voltage. In a limited number of cells that did not show spontaneous firing, we determined acti ...
Development of GAP-43 mRNA in the macaque cerebral cortex
... corpus callosum ŽCC. w29x, and anterior commissure ŽAC. w29x. With morphological methods, it is difficult to study axonal development in various brain regions other than fiber bundles. Thus, we focus on mRNA of GAP-43, a representative growth-associated protein that increases in accordance with axon ...
... corpus callosum ŽCC. w29x, and anterior commissure ŽAC. w29x. With morphological methods, it is difficult to study axonal development in various brain regions other than fiber bundles. Thus, we focus on mRNA of GAP-43, a representative growth-associated protein that increases in accordance with axon ...
Module 2
... B. Endolymph vestibular scale and through vestibular a membrane - endolymph C. Endolymph vestibular scale and through the basic membrane - endolymph D. Endolymph vestibular scale and through an integumentary membrane endolymph E. Perilymph vestibular scale and through tectorial a membrane - endolymp ...
... B. Endolymph vestibular scale and through vestibular a membrane - endolymph C. Endolymph vestibular scale and through the basic membrane - endolymph D. Endolymph vestibular scale and through an integumentary membrane endolymph E. Perilymph vestibular scale and through tectorial a membrane - endolymp ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.