New perspectives on the evolution of protochordate sensory and
... young larvae largely con¢rm the descriptions by Bone (1961) of late larvae and adults. There is, therefore, no evidence as yet to support the claim that the dorsal part of the nerve cord is anything other than primitive, or that amphioxus ever had a signi¢cantly more elaborate complement of sense or ...
... young larvae largely con¢rm the descriptions by Bone (1961) of late larvae and adults. There is, therefore, no evidence as yet to support the claim that the dorsal part of the nerve cord is anything other than primitive, or that amphioxus ever had a signi¢cantly more elaborate complement of sense or ...
Tolerance to Sound Intensity of Binaural
... made in the squamosal bone that forms the roof of a cavity over the ear drum. Simultaneous measurement of sound with both the B & K and the Knowles microphones made it possible to translate the voltage output of the Knowles into sound intensity in dB sound pressure level (SPL). The Knowles microphon ...
... made in the squamosal bone that forms the roof of a cavity over the ear drum. Simultaneous measurement of sound with both the B & K and the Knowles microphones made it possible to translate the voltage output of the Knowles into sound intensity in dB sound pressure level (SPL). The Knowles microphon ...
concentration-dependent effects of neostigmine on the endplate
... and one slower than the control rate. These effects were both voltage and concentration dependent. Spectra of current fluctuations recorded in concentrations ~5 x 10e5 M neostigmine required two time constants, one faster and one slower than the control. Two component spectra were also obtained with ...
... and one slower than the control rate. These effects were both voltage and concentration dependent. Spectra of current fluctuations recorded in concentrations ~5 x 10e5 M neostigmine required two time constants, one faster and one slower than the control. Two component spectra were also obtained with ...
Multiple Modes of Action Potential Initiation and Propagation in
... somatic pipette, which did not contain QX-314. The further reduction of spike amplitude was much faster in the dendritic site than at the soma (n ⫽ 4; Fig. 1C). These results indicate that QX-314 first acted locally to block the dendritic action potential and gradually diffused to the soma to block ...
... somatic pipette, which did not contain QX-314. The further reduction of spike amplitude was much faster in the dendritic site than at the soma (n ⫽ 4; Fig. 1C). These results indicate that QX-314 first acted locally to block the dendritic action potential and gradually diffused to the soma to block ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... the cortex, hippocampus and midbrain, and distinguished excitatory and inhibitory neurons using immunofluorescence against vGlut1 and GAD2, respectively (Fig. S1). We then labeled βII spectrin in these neurons using immunofluorescence and imaged immunolabeled βII spectrin using 3D STORM imaging, a s ...
... the cortex, hippocampus and midbrain, and distinguished excitatory and inhibitory neurons using immunofluorescence against vGlut1 and GAD2, respectively (Fig. S1). We then labeled βII spectrin in these neurons using immunofluorescence and imaged immunolabeled βII spectrin using 3D STORM imaging, a s ...
Chapter 14 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... – Synapse with postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia that are close to or within target organs – Short postganglionic fibers synapse with ...
... – Synapse with postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia that are close to or within target organs – Short postganglionic fibers synapse with ...
Modulation of brain activity by electrical stimulation and external
... Disease rating scale To quantify the severity of each of these symptoms, the 'Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale' (UPDRS) was developed. This is especially important to test the effectiveness of novel treatments. The rating scale is based on clinical observation and patient interview. It consi ...
... Disease rating scale To quantify the severity of each of these symptoms, the 'Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale' (UPDRS) was developed. This is especially important to test the effectiveness of novel treatments. The rating scale is based on clinical observation and patient interview. It consi ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... On each behavioral trial, subjects are initially presented with a cue stimulus (e.g., a rain cloud). The cue is followed by presentation of two choice stimuli, from which the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject mu ...
... On each behavioral trial, subjects are initially presented with a cue stimulus (e.g., a rain cloud). The cue is followed by presentation of two choice stimuli, from which the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject mu ...
Sensory Afferent Neurotransmission in Caudal Nucleus Tractus
... from isolated currents measured in isolated, dispersed mNTS neurons with responses recorded from neurons in mNTS slices. Such studies show that DE and SFA result from a critical interaction of two transient outward, A-type potassium currents withdiffering kinetics (Schild et ai, 1993), and gives ris ...
... from isolated currents measured in isolated, dispersed mNTS neurons with responses recorded from neurons in mNTS slices. Such studies show that DE and SFA result from a critical interaction of two transient outward, A-type potassium currents withdiffering kinetics (Schild et ai, 1993), and gives ris ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... (Figures 1C2–1E2). In addition, there appears to be a marked increase in the number of vacuoles adjacent to labeled profiles (v, Figures 1C2–1E2). In contrast, axonal peduncles, which do not undergo pruning [6, 8], exhibit little ultrastructural changes (data not shown; see Figure S1). This observat ...
... (Figures 1C2–1E2). In addition, there appears to be a marked increase in the number of vacuoles adjacent to labeled profiles (v, Figures 1C2–1E2). In contrast, axonal peduncles, which do not undergo pruning [6, 8], exhibit little ultrastructural changes (data not shown; see Figure S1). This observat ...
Full version (PDF file)
... 30 μM was greater than that of V-DPSP (unpaired t test, p<0.05), but not at lower concentrations of muscarine (Fig. 3). Muscarine increases the PPR of V-DPSPs and D-DPSPs Paired-pulse facilitation of ventral or dorsal focal electrical stimulation evoked DPSP was observed in most of the tested neuron ...
... 30 μM was greater than that of V-DPSP (unpaired t test, p<0.05), but not at lower concentrations of muscarine (Fig. 3). Muscarine increases the PPR of V-DPSPs and D-DPSPs Paired-pulse facilitation of ventral or dorsal focal electrical stimulation evoked DPSP was observed in most of the tested neuron ...
Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat
... Orthodromic (‘synaptic’) responses were evoked by brief (200 µs) stimulation of either the border between stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale, normally in CA1c (‘oriens stimulation’), or stratum lacunosum moleculare, normally in CA1a (‘LM stimulation’), using a bipolar, nichrome wire (0.05 mm diam ...
... Orthodromic (‘synaptic’) responses were evoked by brief (200 µs) stimulation of either the border between stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale, normally in CA1c (‘oriens stimulation’), or stratum lacunosum moleculare, normally in CA1a (‘LM stimulation’), using a bipolar, nichrome wire (0.05 mm diam ...
Huffman PowerPoint Slides
... • Behavioral genetics examines the influence of genes (versus environment) on behavior • Research strategies: – Twin studies: compare the concordance (agreement) rates between identical and fraternal twins – Adoption studies: compare the similarity between adopted children and their biological/adopt ...
... • Behavioral genetics examines the influence of genes (versus environment) on behavior • Research strategies: – Twin studies: compare the concordance (agreement) rates between identical and fraternal twins – Adoption studies: compare the similarity between adopted children and their biological/adopt ...
"Visual System Development in Vertebrates". In: Encyclopedia of
... distinct functions and make specific patterns of synaptic connections. Thus, photoreceptors consist of both rods and cones that differ in their sensitivity to light, morphology and distribution in the retina. Moreover, at least 15 different subtypes of RGCs, as well as multiple types of amacrine and bi ...
... distinct functions and make specific patterns of synaptic connections. Thus, photoreceptors consist of both rods and cones that differ in their sensitivity to light, morphology and distribution in the retina. Moreover, at least 15 different subtypes of RGCs, as well as multiple types of amacrine and bi ...
Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord
... The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex ...
... The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Lab A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex ...
Estimating efficiency a priori - Wellcome Trust Centre for
... ferences in error variance are negligible, the relative efficiency can be predicted from the design alone. In summary, we present an event-related fMRI study of single word reading which involved acquiring data using two stimulus sequences associated with different efficiencies. We aimed to (i) show ...
... ferences in error variance are negligible, the relative efficiency can be predicted from the design alone. In summary, we present an event-related fMRI study of single word reading which involved acquiring data using two stimulus sequences associated with different efficiencies. We aimed to (i) show ...
07-pons + midbrain2009-03-24 08:441.9 MB
... hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex. -its descending fibres project to brain stem & spinal cord. -function : 1-neural mechanisms regulating sleep, particularly REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. 2-acts as an attention center, (functional deficiency resulting in depression). ...
... hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex. -its descending fibres project to brain stem & spinal cord. -function : 1-neural mechanisms regulating sleep, particularly REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. 2-acts as an attention center, (functional deficiency resulting in depression). ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... Figure 2. Graphical representation of the computational interactions between expectation and error units: the interactions depicted here are based on the differential equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical ...
... Figure 2. Graphical representation of the computational interactions between expectation and error units: the interactions depicted here are based on the differential equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... principally myosin and actin, both of which form strands within the muscle fibers. Molecules of myosin store kinetic energy as a result of metabolizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and muscle activation converts this chemical energy into mechanical force and work. Muscles generate force through a ca ...
... principally myosin and actin, both of which form strands within the muscle fibers. Molecules of myosin store kinetic energy as a result of metabolizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and muscle activation converts this chemical energy into mechanical force and work. Muscles generate force through a ca ...
A multi-level account of selective attention
... In the mid and late 1990s, the advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enabled detailed studies of the human visual system and offered several advantages over previous approaches. In particular, human subjects can perform a wider range of tasks compared to non-human primates and activ ...
... In the mid and late 1990s, the advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enabled detailed studies of the human visual system and offered several advantages over previous approaches. In particular, human subjects can perform a wider range of tasks compared to non-human primates and activ ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... in detail the structure and concluded that the nervous system was composed of individual neurons rather than a continuum. For this discovery, Cajal was awarded with the 1906 Nobel Price in Medicine. Nowadays, neuroscience is a broad field where many disciplines converge to tackle questions like how ...
... in detail the structure and concluded that the nervous system was composed of individual neurons rather than a continuum. For this discovery, Cajal was awarded with the 1906 Nobel Price in Medicine. Nowadays, neuroscience is a broad field where many disciplines converge to tackle questions like how ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron's response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron's response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
Stereological estimation of dendritic coverage in the capybara SCG
... general principle of the quantitative method at TEM level for assessing the relative surface area of dendrites occupied by axo-dendritic synapses. An axon profile (Ax) positive for SY (“black” immunoprecipitate) makes synaptic contact with a dendrite (den). In dendrite, note the presence of post-syn ...
... general principle of the quantitative method at TEM level for assessing the relative surface area of dendrites occupied by axo-dendritic synapses. An axon profile (Ax) positive for SY (“black” immunoprecipitate) makes synaptic contact with a dendrite (den). In dendrite, note the presence of post-syn ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.