Beyond Control: The Dynamics of Brain-Body
... weights. Elitist selection was used to preserve the best individual each generation, whereas the remaining children were generated by mutation of selected parents. Individuals were selected for mutation using a linear rank-based method. A selected parent was mutated by adding to it a random displace ...
... weights. Elitist selection was used to preserve the best individual each generation, whereas the remaining children were generated by mutation of selected parents. Individuals were selected for mutation using a linear rank-based method. A selected parent was mutated by adding to it a random displace ...
Mental Imagery in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review
... Studies done by Pascaul et al. [8] and Jackson et al. [9] showed that the neural reorganization following motor imagery training is similar to the changes that take place as a result of actual physical training. Similarly, many other studies have also shown imagery related neural reorganization in s ...
... Studies done by Pascaul et al. [8] and Jackson et al. [9] showed that the neural reorganization following motor imagery training is similar to the changes that take place as a result of actual physical training. Similarly, many other studies have also shown imagery related neural reorganization in s ...
Viktor`s Notes * Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways Disorders
... CLINICAL FEATURES AND EXAMINATION most patients lack visual symptoms (vs. in papilledema), except in optic disk drusen - transient visual obscurations (rarely permanent visual loss). may be unilateral or bilateral (vs. papilledema – bilateral). ...
... CLINICAL FEATURES AND EXAMINATION most patients lack visual symptoms (vs. in papilledema), except in optic disk drusen - transient visual obscurations (rarely permanent visual loss). may be unilateral or bilateral (vs. papilledema – bilateral). ...
chapter 43 mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs
... by inhibition of T-type calcium channels in the thalamocortical circuit (15–17). At clinically relevant concentrations (20 to 40 μg/mL), some but not all investigators have observed a partial (20% to 30%) reduction of T-type calcium current by ethosuximide. However, studies with recombinant T-type c ...
... by inhibition of T-type calcium channels in the thalamocortical circuit (15–17). At clinically relevant concentrations (20 to 40 μg/mL), some but not all investigators have observed a partial (20% to 30%) reduction of T-type calcium current by ethosuximide. However, studies with recombinant T-type c ...
Ectodermal Placodes: Contributions to the
... neurons differentiate early establishing peripheral and central projections before neural crest cells initiate axonogenesis (Covell and Noden, 1989) and thus serve an important role in establishing neuronal tracks used by neural crest-derived neurons. Furthermore, in the absence of placodal neurons, ...
... neurons differentiate early establishing peripheral and central projections before neural crest cells initiate axonogenesis (Covell and Noden, 1989) and thus serve an important role in establishing neuronal tracks used by neural crest-derived neurons. Furthermore, in the absence of placodal neurons, ...
Theroleofdendritesinauditory coincidence detection
... both ears and compares the time of arrival of the inputs with an accuracy of 10–100 ms (refs 3–6). Neurons that receive lowfrequency auditory inputs (up to about 2 kHz) have bipolar dendrites, and each dendrite receives inputs from only one ear7,8. Using a simple model that mimics the essence of the ...
... both ears and compares the time of arrival of the inputs with an accuracy of 10–100 ms (refs 3–6). Neurons that receive lowfrequency auditory inputs (up to about 2 kHz) have bipolar dendrites, and each dendrite receives inputs from only one ear7,8. Using a simple model that mimics the essence of the ...
Changes in GABA Modulation During a Theta Cycle May Be
... Falling GABAB modulation produces a rise in k and is therefore equivalent to annealing, in which there is a simultaneous fall in both the temperature and the energy of afferent input relative to recurrent excitation and inhibition. 3.1 Why Do the Relative Energies of Afferent and Recurrent Inputs Ch ...
... Falling GABAB modulation produces a rise in k and is therefore equivalent to annealing, in which there is a simultaneous fall in both the temperature and the energy of afferent input relative to recurrent excitation and inhibition. 3.1 Why Do the Relative Energies of Afferent and Recurrent Inputs Ch ...
Abstract The cochiear nucleus of the barn owl is composed of two
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron’s response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
... spike times are measured with respect to the sine wave period present at the time the spike is detected, not to the one which caused the neuron to respond. The time difference between the activating and measurement sine wave periods corresponds to the neuron’s response latency, which is about 2.5 to ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
Zn2 Slows Down CaV3.3 Gating Kinetics: Implications for
... In addition, Zn2⫹ slowed down channel deactivation but channel recovery from inactivation was only modestly changed. Zn2⫹ also decreased whole cell Ca2⫹ permeability to 45% of control values. In the presence of Zn2⫹, Ca2⫹ currents evoked by mock action potentials were more persistent than in its abs ...
... In addition, Zn2⫹ slowed down channel deactivation but channel recovery from inactivation was only modestly changed. Zn2⫹ also decreased whole cell Ca2⫹ permeability to 45% of control values. In the presence of Zn2⫹, Ca2⫹ currents evoked by mock action potentials were more persistent than in its abs ...
Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in Auditory Cortex Is an NMDA
... whereby feature-specific neural elements are progressively adapted by a repeated stimulus. ...
... whereby feature-specific neural elements are progressively adapted by a repeated stimulus. ...
Mechanisms to synchronize neuronal activity
... are small enough so as not to drive the system away from its limit cycle. This is further explored in Sect. 3.1. Relating this approach to the biological system, the basic assumption of a stable limit cycle attractor has to be discussed. In experiments on rabbit olfactory bulb, spindles with a domin ...
... are small enough so as not to drive the system away from its limit cycle. This is further explored in Sect. 3.1. Relating this approach to the biological system, the basic assumption of a stable limit cycle attractor has to be discussed. In experiments on rabbit olfactory bulb, spindles with a domin ...
PDF
... solution was gradually increased (0.2C/min) to the final recording temperature of 29C. The perfusion rate was also progressively increased from an initial 2–2.5 ml/min to 4.5–5 ml/min. The brain was perfused with a continuously bubbled (95% O2 and 5% CO2) solution containing (in mM): NaCl: 126; Na ...
... solution was gradually increased (0.2C/min) to the final recording temperature of 29C. The perfusion rate was also progressively increased from an initial 2–2.5 ml/min to 4.5–5 ml/min. The brain was perfused with a continuously bubbled (95% O2 and 5% CO2) solution containing (in mM): NaCl: 126; Na ...
Document
... a thyristor, which makes it possible to start and stop currents very abruptly. Coils are of different types. The first coils available were of circular design (one or more turns of copper set in non-conducting material) with a diameter of 8-10 cm. Now, these are rarely used in psychiatric treatment. ...
... a thyristor, which makes it possible to start and stop currents very abruptly. Coils are of different types. The first coils available were of circular design (one or more turns of copper set in non-conducting material) with a diameter of 8-10 cm. Now, these are rarely used in psychiatric treatment. ...
chapter_9_powerpoint_le - AandP2010-2011
... When stimulated past threshold (about –30mV in humans), sodium channels open and sodium rushes into the axon, causing a region of positive charge within the axon. This is called depolarization ...
... When stimulated past threshold (about –30mV in humans), sodium channels open and sodium rushes into the axon, causing a region of positive charge within the axon. This is called depolarization ...
Purves chs. 12, 13 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... Figure 12.1 diagrams the behavior of air molecules near a tuning fork that vibrates sinusoidally when struck. The vibrating tines of the tuning fork produce local displacements of the surrounding molecules, such that when the tine moves in one direction, there is molecular condensation; when it move ...
... Figure 12.1 diagrams the behavior of air molecules near a tuning fork that vibrates sinusoidally when struck. The vibrating tines of the tuning fork produce local displacements of the surrounding molecules, such that when the tine moves in one direction, there is molecular condensation; when it move ...
Text S1.
... All excitatory synaptic weights were initially set to 0.05 and could vary between zero and 0.1 due to STDP. At the maximal weight, each spike would have a 50% probability of evoking a spike in the postsynaptic neuron, due to its summation with intrinsic noise (Figure S1-7). The synaptic weights for ...
... All excitatory synaptic weights were initially set to 0.05 and could vary between zero and 0.1 due to STDP. At the maximal weight, each spike would have a 50% probability of evoking a spike in the postsynaptic neuron, due to its summation with intrinsic noise (Figure S1-7). The synaptic weights for ...
Multiple sites of spike initiation in a single dendritic
... extracellular recording from the ventrolateral surface of the desheathed interganglionic connectives that contain the axons of the MTIs. The sixth abdominal ganglion was desheathed and probed from the ventral surface with 3 M KCl-filled micropipettes having resistances in the range of 40-60 M R when ...
... extracellular recording from the ventrolateral surface of the desheathed interganglionic connectives that contain the axons of the MTIs. The sixth abdominal ganglion was desheathed and probed from the ventral surface with 3 M KCl-filled micropipettes having resistances in the range of 40-60 M R when ...
BCM Theory
... background input from MFs. This disconnection of the CFs removed any variability in PCs, such as the complex spikes, making it possible to lump the activity of the PC population together. We also verified the equivalence of the two models by following the trajectory of the PC population output and ...
... background input from MFs. This disconnection of the CFs removed any variability in PCs, such as the complex spikes, making it possible to lump the activity of the PC population together. We also verified the equivalence of the two models by following the trajectory of the PC population output and ...
Motor pathway injury in patients with
... involved in cerebral white matter (diffuse periventricular leucomalacia). Although cystic periventricular leucomalacia is more correlated with motor impairment, the diffuse type of periventricular leucomalacia accounts for the vast majority of periventricular leucomalacia cases (Volpe et al., 2009), ...
... involved in cerebral white matter (diffuse periventricular leucomalacia). Although cystic periventricular leucomalacia is more correlated with motor impairment, the diffuse type of periventricular leucomalacia accounts for the vast majority of periventricular leucomalacia cases (Volpe et al., 2009), ...
Architecture and distribution of human corneal nerves
... corneas harvested within the first two post mortem days and in the post-surgical specimens. They appeared as linear structures running in the superficial layer of the cornea with frequent Yshaped bifurcations and re-unions or unions with other branches and contained densely stained fine granular struct ...
... corneas harvested within the first two post mortem days and in the post-surgical specimens. They appeared as linear structures running in the superficial layer of the cornea with frequent Yshaped bifurcations and re-unions or unions with other branches and contained densely stained fine granular struct ...
Thalamocortidal Axons Extend Along a Chondroitin Sulfate
... courses,even though both cell types were formerly in the preplate. Marginal zone neuronsextend processeswithin the marginal zone, eventually forming an elaborate network that is restricted to that layer (not illustrated). The axonsof many subplate neuronsleave the intensely immunolabeledsubplatealmo ...
... courses,even though both cell types were formerly in the preplate. Marginal zone neuronsextend processeswithin the marginal zone, eventually forming an elaborate network that is restricted to that layer (not illustrated). The axonsof many subplate neuronsleave the intensely immunolabeledsubplatealmo ...
Target innervation and LGN/colliculus development
... the frog first gave solid evidence for the possibility that there are specific molecular cues that determine how axons invade the target tissue. How do axons from anterior retina choose posterior tectum, and axons from the posterior retina choose anterior optic tectum? ...
... the frog first gave solid evidence for the possibility that there are specific molecular cues that determine how axons invade the target tissue. How do axons from anterior retina choose posterior tectum, and axons from the posterior retina choose anterior optic tectum? ...
Motor systems Basal ganglia
... Now that we know the major circuits in the basal ganglia, let’s take a look at some basic disorders and why they occur. Damage to the basal ganglia causes two different classes of syndromes, one characterized by an increase in movement (hyperkinetic) and the other characterized by decreased movement ...
... Now that we know the major circuits in the basal ganglia, let’s take a look at some basic disorders and why they occur. Damage to the basal ganglia causes two different classes of syndromes, one characterized by an increase in movement (hyperkinetic) and the other characterized by decreased movement ...
C6.4 PPT - Destiny High School
... – When a neuron is inactive, there are potassium ions (K+) inside the cell and sodium (Na+) ions outside the cell membrane. – Inside of the membrane is more negatively charged than the outside (Polarized). – When a stimulus is involved it changes the charge so the inside is more positive (Depolarize ...
... – When a neuron is inactive, there are potassium ions (K+) inside the cell and sodium (Na+) ions outside the cell membrane. – Inside of the membrane is more negatively charged than the outside (Polarized). – When a stimulus is involved it changes the charge so the inside is more positive (Depolarize ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.