On the Significance of Neuronal Giantism in Gastropods
... question that looms is: why do the pulmonates and opisthobranchs display such pronounced neuron giantism whereas other gastropod taxa do not? The best answer will probably rest on future comparative observations on species chosen for particular nervous system characters, but the context for such com ...
... question that looms is: why do the pulmonates and opisthobranchs display such pronounced neuron giantism whereas other gastropod taxa do not? The best answer will probably rest on future comparative observations on species chosen for particular nervous system characters, but the context for such com ...
the vagus nerve - European Medical Journal
... reduction in the small intestine and colon.17 The fact that gastric myenteric neurons are activated by vagal input was also demonstrated immunohistochemically with the detection of c-Fos and phosphorylated c-AMP response element binding protein (p-CREB), which are markers for neuronal activity.21,22 ...
... reduction in the small intestine and colon.17 The fact that gastric myenteric neurons are activated by vagal input was also demonstrated immunohistochemically with the detection of c-Fos and phosphorylated c-AMP response element binding protein (p-CREB), which are markers for neuronal activity.21,22 ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... are well understood (Lovick and Bandler, 2005); however, little is known of the neural circuits that mediate the characteristic motor responses associated with vlPAG activation. We recently reported that activation of the vlPAG causes an increase in ␣-motoneuronal excitability, which is thought to s ...
... are well understood (Lovick and Bandler, 2005); however, little is known of the neural circuits that mediate the characteristic motor responses associated with vlPAG activation. We recently reported that activation of the vlPAG causes an increase in ␣-motoneuronal excitability, which is thought to s ...
letter - Hanks Lab
... encoding of decision variables in posterior parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex (frontal orienting fields, FOF). We recorded the firing rates of neurons in posterior parietal cortex and FOF from rats performing a perceptual decision-making task. Classical analyses uncovered correlates of accumulat ...
... encoding of decision variables in posterior parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex (frontal orienting fields, FOF). We recorded the firing rates of neurons in posterior parietal cortex and FOF from rats performing a perceptual decision-making task. Classical analyses uncovered correlates of accumulat ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... An essential step in the coding of odorants is the way olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) convey their information to the olfactory bulb. This projection determines how the specificities of OSNs are mapped onto the spatial activity patterns of the olfactory bulb (OB). Despite the fact that virtually no ...
... An essential step in the coding of odorants is the way olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) convey their information to the olfactory bulb. This projection determines how the specificities of OSNs are mapped onto the spatial activity patterns of the olfactory bulb (OB). Despite the fact that virtually no ...
Intracellular and computational evidence for a
... membrane potential of cortical neurons typically cannot be observed in vivo, except in some cases of deep anesthesia or under the action of drugs [7]. It was shown that in the active regime, cortical neurons are subject to large amounts of fluctuations, often called “synaptic noise”. This activity i ...
... membrane potential of cortical neurons typically cannot be observed in vivo, except in some cases of deep anesthesia or under the action of drugs [7]. It was shown that in the active regime, cortical neurons are subject to large amounts of fluctuations, often called “synaptic noise”. This activity i ...
Osmolarity, Osmotic Pressure, and Osmosis
... solute dissociates into two particles, g = 2.0, and so forth. For example, for solutes such as urea or sucrose, g = 1.0 because these solutes do not dissociate in solution. On the other hand, for NaC1, g - 2.0 because NaC1 dissociates into two particles in solution, Na' and C1-. With this last examp ...
... solute dissociates into two particles, g = 2.0, and so forth. For example, for solutes such as urea or sucrose, g = 1.0 because these solutes do not dissociate in solution. On the other hand, for NaC1, g - 2.0 because NaC1 dissociates into two particles in solution, Na' and C1-. With this last examp ...
Nervous System
... White mater contains myelinated axons that connect the cortex to other brain regions or the body ...
... White mater contains myelinated axons that connect the cortex to other brain regions or the body ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... (Fig. 2A). Similarly, in 12 of 14 cases, inspiratory unit activity recorded from a second microelectrode positioned in either the ipsilateral VRG or DRG was inhibited by VRG stimulation (Fig. 2C). (Once again, we did not determine if this response is due to a synaptic inhibition of these inspiratory ...
... (Fig. 2A). Similarly, in 12 of 14 cases, inspiratory unit activity recorded from a second microelectrode positioned in either the ipsilateral VRG or DRG was inhibited by VRG stimulation (Fig. 2C). (Once again, we did not determine if this response is due to a synaptic inhibition of these inspiratory ...
The role of mirror neurons in speech perception and
... The motor theory of speech perception holds that speech sounds are not recognised on the basis of auditory representations, but on the basis of the motor representations that underlie speech gestures (Liberman & Mattingly, 1985; Liberman et al., 1967). The motor theory of speech perception has few r ...
... The motor theory of speech perception holds that speech sounds are not recognised on the basis of auditory representations, but on the basis of the motor representations that underlie speech gestures (Liberman & Mattingly, 1985; Liberman et al., 1967). The motor theory of speech perception has few r ...
Uncommon clinical presentations of leprosy: apropos of
... to point towards diagnosis of leprosy were nasal stuffiness, pain in legs and absence of pruritus in the lesions. In the second case initial absence of cutaneous lesions suggestive of leprosy, short duration of symptoms, absence of sensory symptoms and nerve enlargement and localization of disease t ...
... to point towards diagnosis of leprosy were nasal stuffiness, pain in legs and absence of pruritus in the lesions. In the second case initial absence of cutaneous lesions suggestive of leprosy, short duration of symptoms, absence of sensory symptoms and nerve enlargement and localization of disease t ...
sensory receptors
... • Describe the sensory organs of smell and trace the olfactory pathways to their destination in the cerebrum, and describe the sensory organs and cranial nerves involved with gustation. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Describe the sensory organs of smell and trace the olfactory pathways to their destination in the cerebrum, and describe the sensory organs and cranial nerves involved with gustation. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
cortico-cortical feedback controls spatial summation in
... Optogenetic inactivation of cortical feedback in primate visual cortex Feedback from V2 controls visual responses of V1 neurons via two distinct mechanisms; excitation to the RF center and suppression via RF surround. Inactivating feedback strongly reduced spike-rates to stimuli within the RF center ...
... Optogenetic inactivation of cortical feedback in primate visual cortex Feedback from V2 controls visual responses of V1 neurons via two distinct mechanisms; excitation to the RF center and suppression via RF surround. Inactivating feedback strongly reduced spike-rates to stimuli within the RF center ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... with an approximately linear response at the physiological range. LOOK-UP TABLE Because these I/O functions are rather simple, which map the input space into the output space by some straightforward mapping functions (or look-up tables), these basic reflexes are usually not considered as representin ...
... with an approximately linear response at the physiological range. LOOK-UP TABLE Because these I/O functions are rather simple, which map the input space into the output space by some straightforward mapping functions (or look-up tables), these basic reflexes are usually not considered as representin ...
Nerve growth factor improves visual loss in childhood optic
... were applied to take into account the potential correlation between the eyes of each subject. However, visual measures between the two eyes of each patient were substantially uncorrelated (data not shown), as one would expect from the asymmetry of OPG. Thus, each eye measure was considered independe ...
... were applied to take into account the potential correlation between the eyes of each subject. However, visual measures between the two eyes of each patient were substantially uncorrelated (data not shown), as one would expect from the asymmetry of OPG. Thus, each eye measure was considered independe ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... the peak of the total current. In this way, the peak of the slow and fast inactivating currents could be separated. The accuracy of this procedure was confirmed using a small set of experiments where the slowly inactivating component was measured directly. Linear leakage and capacitive currents were ...
... the peak of the total current. In this way, the peak of the slow and fast inactivating currents could be separated. The accuracy of this procedure was confirmed using a small set of experiments where the slowly inactivating component was measured directly. Linear leakage and capacitive currents were ...
CATEGORIES IN THE PIGEON BRAIN - Ruhr-Universität
... The subjects were three adult homing pigeons (Columba livia) obtained from local breeders that had previously participated in unrelated experiments. They were housed in individual wire-mesh cages with a 12 to 12 lightdark cycle beginning at 08.00 hr. They were food-deprived and maintained at 80-90% ...
... The subjects were three adult homing pigeons (Columba livia) obtained from local breeders that had previously participated in unrelated experiments. They were housed in individual wire-mesh cages with a 12 to 12 lightdark cycle beginning at 08.00 hr. They were food-deprived and maintained at 80-90% ...
multispectral labeling technique to map many neighboring axonal
... WGA-AF488 (Fig. 2a) and co-injected a different color at each of these sites at high concentration to keep track of the vesicles’ origins (Fig. 2b–e). We observed a linear relation between the dye intensity at injection sites and the dye intensity of vesicles that took up the dye from each of these ...
... WGA-AF488 (Fig. 2a) and co-injected a different color at each of these sites at high concentration to keep track of the vesicles’ origins (Fig. 2b–e). We observed a linear relation between the dye intensity at injection sites and the dye intensity of vesicles that took up the dye from each of these ...
Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
... SINAUER ASSOCIATES, INC. • Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. ...
... SINAUER ASSOCIATES, INC. • Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. ...
Behavioral Detectability of Single-Cell Stimulation in the Ventral
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... response, under identical sensory conditions, when spatial attention was directed to the stimulus. Attention had no measurable effect on the response that was elicited at 5% contrast, which was well below the neuron’s contrast-response threshold. The 10% contrast stimulus, which was just below the n ...
... response, under identical sensory conditions, when spatial attention was directed to the stimulus. Attention had no measurable effect on the response that was elicited at 5% contrast, which was well below the neuron’s contrast-response threshold. The 10% contrast stimulus, which was just below the n ...
The Role of Spasticity in Functional Neurorehabilitation
... It is the greatest cause involved in the pathophysiology of spasticity after SCI and it has been confirmed in the bipedal human and quadruped animal, having been observed during at rest and functional tests [2]. Several experiments have shown that the muscle spasms indicate an increase in motoneural ...
... It is the greatest cause involved in the pathophysiology of spasticity after SCI and it has been confirmed in the bipedal human and quadruped animal, having been observed during at rest and functional tests [2]. Several experiments have shown that the muscle spasms indicate an increase in motoneural ...
The Effect of Slow Electrical Stimuli to Achieve Learning in Cultured
... network level, showing that a change in a simple input-output relationship between two neurons required network wide connectivity changes. It is not completely understood how and why slow electrical stimulation (fstim ,1 Hz) may alter network connectivity. A recent study suggested that low frequency ...
... network level, showing that a change in a simple input-output relationship between two neurons required network wide connectivity changes. It is not completely understood how and why slow electrical stimulation (fstim ,1 Hz) may alter network connectivity. A recent study suggested that low frequency ...
Chapter 1 Introduction 一、名词解释 1.Human Physiology Physiology
... E. A free water clearance of negative 1.5 ml/min means that the effect on total body osmolality is equivalent to the addition to the extracellular space of 1.5 ml of isotonic saline per minute. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------11.A patient complains of s ...
... E. A free water clearance of negative 1.5 ml/min means that the effect on total body osmolality is equivalent to the addition to the extracellular space of 1.5 ml of isotonic saline per minute. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------11.A patient complains of s ...
Summary of Results and Discussion
... Previous studies by Josephson and Meier reported no alterations of Nogo-A expression at 24 hours after KA injection, and no alterations or strong upregulation after 7-5 days (Table 1.1; Josephson et al., 2001; Meier et al., 2003). The doses used in the three studies were similar (10 mg/kg Josephson ...
... Previous studies by Josephson and Meier reported no alterations of Nogo-A expression at 24 hours after KA injection, and no alterations or strong upregulation after 7-5 days (Table 1.1; Josephson et al., 2001; Meier et al., 2003). The doses used in the three studies were similar (10 mg/kg Josephson ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.