Lab 2. Medulla - Stritch School of Medicine
... • inferior cerebellar peduncle – has greatly increased in size and now contains the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. ...
... • inferior cerebellar peduncle – has greatly increased in size and now contains the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. ...
Organelle motility and metabolism in axons vs dendrites of cultured
... polymers are uniformly oriented with their plus-ends directed distally (Burton and Paige, 1981; Heidemann et al., 1981; Baas et al., 1988). In dendrites, including those of the frog mitral cells (Burton, 1988), cultured sympathetic neurons (Baas et al., 1991), and cultured hippocampal neurons (Baas ...
... polymers are uniformly oriented with their plus-ends directed distally (Burton and Paige, 1981; Heidemann et al., 1981; Baas et al., 1988). In dendrites, including those of the frog mitral cells (Burton, 1988), cultured sympathetic neurons (Baas et al., 1991), and cultured hippocampal neurons (Baas ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... propagation. The typical responses were characterized by a brief excitatory peak followed by inhibition of longer duration. Significant excitatory responses to sICMS could be evoked up to 4 mm away from the stimulation site, but the strength of the response decreased exponentially and its latency in ...
... propagation. The typical responses were characterized by a brief excitatory peak followed by inhibition of longer duration. Significant excitatory responses to sICMS could be evoked up to 4 mm away from the stimulation site, but the strength of the response decreased exponentially and its latency in ...
C fibres (dull pain)
... The conclusion was drawn that the pain experienced by these men was blocked by emotional factors. The physical injuries that these men had received was an escape from the life-threatening environment of battle to the safety of a hospital, or even release form the war. This relationship suggests th ...
... The conclusion was drawn that the pain experienced by these men was blocked by emotional factors. The physical injuries that these men had received was an escape from the life-threatening environment of battle to the safety of a hospital, or even release form the war. This relationship suggests th ...
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of
... Work from Gary Banker and others with cultured hippocampal neurons has established the nomenclature for stages of neuronal development (Dotti et al., 1988). At the start of neuron development, referred to as stage 1, multiple lamellipodia protrude around the entire circumference of the cell. In stag ...
... Work from Gary Banker and others with cultured hippocampal neurons has established the nomenclature for stages of neuronal development (Dotti et al., 1988). At the start of neuron development, referred to as stage 1, multiple lamellipodia protrude around the entire circumference of the cell. In stag ...
CONTROL OF FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR
... to be executed? A human can capture a spectrum of functional movements during the life. Most of the movements are mastered in early childhood; however, the repertoire is increasing and changing throughout the life, if so required. A functional movement relies upon perceptuomotor coordination that in ...
... to be executed? A human can capture a spectrum of functional movements during the life. Most of the movements are mastered in early childhood; however, the repertoire is increasing and changing throughout the life, if so required. A functional movement relies upon perceptuomotor coordination that in ...
Are fast/slow process in motor adaptation and forward/inverse
... when the motor system faces large errors (caused by abrupt perturbations) [2] which typically make subjects aware of the perturbations [19]. Also behavioral and functional imaging results have indicated that in the early phases of motor training (when fast component is dominant), high-level strategi ...
... when the motor system faces large errors (caused by abrupt perturbations) [2] which typically make subjects aware of the perturbations [19]. Also behavioral and functional imaging results have indicated that in the early phases of motor training (when fast component is dominant), high-level strategi ...
sion to superior salivatory neurons in rats
... in rat brainstem slices on postnatal day 2 (P2)-P14. Developmental changes in the intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]in) were examined based on the reversal potentials of total inhibitory postsynaptic currents (GABAergic plus glycinergic), which were evoked by electrical stimulation near the reco ...
... in rat brainstem slices on postnatal day 2 (P2)-P14. Developmental changes in the intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]in) were examined based on the reversal potentials of total inhibitory postsynaptic currents (GABAergic plus glycinergic), which were evoked by electrical stimulation near the reco ...
Introduction and review of Matlab
... configuration of the transporter protein but it does not tell us anything about the binding order and energies. We can answer these question by performing free energy calculations. The specific questions are: 1. We expect a Na+ ion to bind first - does it occupy Na1 or Na3 site? 2. Does a second Na+ ...
... configuration of the transporter protein but it does not tell us anything about the binding order and energies. We can answer these question by performing free energy calculations. The specific questions are: 1. We expect a Na+ ion to bind first - does it occupy Na1 or Na3 site? 2. Does a second Na+ ...
Enhanced intrinsic excitability and EPSP
... increase the frequency, but not amplitude, of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. ...
... increase the frequency, but not amplitude, of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. ...
Purves ch. 8 + Kandel ch. 23 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... Four major types of encapsulated mechanoreceptors are specialized to provide information to the central nervous system about touch, pressure, vibration, and cutaneous tension: Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini’s corpuscles (Figure 8.3 and Table 8.1). These recep ...
... Four major types of encapsulated mechanoreceptors are specialized to provide information to the central nervous system about touch, pressure, vibration, and cutaneous tension: Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini’s corpuscles (Figure 8.3 and Table 8.1). These recep ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... of dendritic spikes thereby synchronizing motoneuron discharge [e.g., during fast phases of nystagmus (Korn and Bennett 1975)]. Because the caudal subgroup of abducens motoneurons was observed to feature more gap junctions than those in the rostral subdivision (Sterling 1977), it was predicted to co ...
... of dendritic spikes thereby synchronizing motoneuron discharge [e.g., during fast phases of nystagmus (Korn and Bennett 1975)]. Because the caudal subgroup of abducens motoneurons was observed to feature more gap junctions than those in the rostral subdivision (Sterling 1977), it was predicted to co ...
Decoding a Temporal Population Code
... output vector using a time constant of τ = 30 ms. We introduce three macroscopic liquid properties. In all of the following equations, z̃ijk ∈ Rp denotes the liquid state after the kth presentation of sample j from class i where i = 1, . . . , n, j = 1, . . . , m, and k = 1, . . . , r with n the num ...
... output vector using a time constant of τ = 30 ms. We introduce three macroscopic liquid properties. In all of the following equations, z̃ijk ∈ Rp denotes the liquid state after the kth presentation of sample j from class i where i = 1, . . . , n, j = 1, . . . , m, and k = 1, . . . , r with n the num ...
Untitled
... that can conduct for long distances along an axon. In 1997, Mandel discovered a sodium channel, now called Nav1.7, which is abundant on sensory neurons. From the channel’s location and density, the researchers theorized that it plays a role in pain perception. Human genetic studies strongly support ...
... that can conduct for long distances along an axon. In 1997, Mandel discovered a sodium channel, now called Nav1.7, which is abundant on sensory neurons. From the channel’s location and density, the researchers theorized that it plays a role in pain perception. Human genetic studies strongly support ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
... incisor teeth (10, 75). These studies suggest that, in accordance with earlier physiological observations (13, 17, 35), MTN neurons project distally in all the three principal subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve. Recently, it has also been demonstrated that in the rat MTN neurons simultaneously inn ...
... incisor teeth (10, 75). These studies suggest that, in accordance with earlier physiological observations (13, 17, 35), MTN neurons project distally in all the three principal subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve. Recently, it has also been demonstrated that in the rat MTN neurons simultaneously inn ...
PDF
... mechanism that can make coarse coding possible, neither combination coding cells (Treisman and Gelade, 1980; Wiskott and von der Malsburg, 1995), nor mechanisms that can decouple noncorresponding regions to remove ambiguous connections and reorganize the system (von der Malsburg, 1999) have been dis ...
... mechanism that can make coarse coding possible, neither combination coding cells (Treisman and Gelade, 1980; Wiskott and von der Malsburg, 1995), nor mechanisms that can decouple noncorresponding regions to remove ambiguous connections and reorganize the system (von der Malsburg, 1999) have been dis ...
Neuroanatomy
... B- thyrotoxicosis : ask the patient to put his/her hands straight , and put up to them a paper then you will see the both hands are shaking . C- cerebellar lesion : it’s hidden , Ie . At rest the patient doesn’t show an obvious tremor , but if he/she try to do something it becomes exaggerated . One ...
... B- thyrotoxicosis : ask the patient to put his/her hands straight , and put up to them a paper then you will see the both hands are shaking . C- cerebellar lesion : it’s hidden , Ie . At rest the patient doesn’t show an obvious tremor , but if he/she try to do something it becomes exaggerated . One ...
Neuronal mechanisms for the perception of ambiguous stimuli
... Orientation jitter breaks up any pattern, therefore favouring eye-rivalry rather than percept-rivalry. There is a gradual shift from eye-rivalry to percept-rivalry as pattern coherence is increased, thus a reconciliation of apparently conflicting results is offered. Several avenues now need to be pu ...
... Orientation jitter breaks up any pattern, therefore favouring eye-rivalry rather than percept-rivalry. There is a gradual shift from eye-rivalry to percept-rivalry as pattern coherence is increased, thus a reconciliation of apparently conflicting results is offered. Several avenues now need to be pu ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... driven by the activation of low-threshold calcium (IT) channels, which form a transient depolarizing potential termed a lowthreshold calcium potential (LTCP) (Crunelli et al., 1987a; Llinas, 1988; Coulter et al., 1989; Hernandez-Cruz and Pape, 1989; McCormick, 1992; Steriade et al., 1993). This LTCP ...
... driven by the activation of low-threshold calcium (IT) channels, which form a transient depolarizing potential termed a lowthreshold calcium potential (LTCP) (Crunelli et al., 1987a; Llinas, 1988; Coulter et al., 1989; Hernandez-Cruz and Pape, 1989; McCormick, 1992; Steriade et al., 1993). This LTCP ...
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... In a few cases, tuning curves did not overlap and trains of two di¡erent tone frequencies were used. RRTF stimuli were presented at 70 dB SPL. All tonal stimuli used in this study were 25 ms long, including 3 ms rise and fall times. Tuning curve parameters were de¢ned by an experienced blind observe ...
... In a few cases, tuning curves did not overlap and trains of two di¡erent tone frequencies were used. RRTF stimuli were presented at 70 dB SPL. All tonal stimuli used in this study were 25 ms long, including 3 ms rise and fall times. Tuning curve parameters were de¢ned by an experienced blind observe ...
Neural underpinnings of superior action
... motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) with the highest amplitude in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) hand muscle. Then, we determined the lowest stimulation intensity that, during rest, evoked MEPs with amplitude higher than 50 V on at least 50% of occasions (the ‘resting motor threshold’). The online ...
... motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) with the highest amplitude in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) hand muscle. Then, we determined the lowest stimulation intensity that, during rest, evoked MEPs with amplitude higher than 50 V on at least 50% of occasions (the ‘resting motor threshold’). The online ...
1 Spiking Neurons
... several spikes should occur within the time window. Values of T = 100 ms or T = 500 ms are typical, but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This definition of rate has been successfully used in many preparations, particularly in experiments on sensory or motor systems. A classical example is ...
... several spikes should occur within the time window. Values of T = 100 ms or T = 500 ms are typical, but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This definition of rate has been successfully used in many preparations, particularly in experiments on sensory or motor systems. A classical example is ...
Forward Prediction in the Posterior Parietal Cortex and Dynamic
... decoded this activity and utilize it as a predictor of an upcoming movement destination. Based on the decoded endpoint position, a computer cursor or artificial limb could be moved by a goal-directed open-loop controller (Figure 2B). After the desired endpoint is extracted from the PPC activity by a ...
... decoded this activity and utilize it as a predictor of an upcoming movement destination. Based on the decoded endpoint position, a computer cursor or artificial limb could be moved by a goal-directed open-loop controller (Figure 2B). After the desired endpoint is extracted from the PPC activity by a ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.