Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... Increasing or decreasing the number of motor units active at any one time changes the amount of force produced by a muscle. In the 1960s, Elwood Henneman and his colleagues at Harvard Medical School found that progressive increases in muscle tension could be produced by progressively increasing the ...
... Increasing or decreasing the number of motor units active at any one time changes the amount of force produced by a muscle. In the 1960s, Elwood Henneman and his colleagues at Harvard Medical School found that progressive increases in muscle tension could be produced by progressively increasing the ...
Activity of Krebs cycle enzymes in mdx mice - Genoma
... atrophy, and death. Most prominent is abnormal Ca2+ influx and handling that is thought to activate proteases and cause mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and dysfunction27-29. Despite a potentially important role for mitochondria in this pathogenic cascade, the impact of dystrophin deficiency on fundament ...
... atrophy, and death. Most prominent is abnormal Ca2+ influx and handling that is thought to activate proteases and cause mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and dysfunction27-29. Despite a potentially important role for mitochondria in this pathogenic cascade, the impact of dystrophin deficiency on fundament ...
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following
... tracheobronchial distortions, reflex vagal bradycardia, and bradypnea (29). Its blockage eliminates both the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous breaths (24), which is similar to irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished ...
... tracheobronchial distortions, reflex vagal bradycardia, and bradypnea (29). Its blockage eliminates both the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous breaths (24), which is similar to irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished ...
The bit used for relationship between smell and taste
... When having a cold or a stuffed up nose food tastes dull food. At first we may not be able to tell the specific flavour of a candy, just perhaps a sensation of sweetness or sourness. If students are patient, some may notice that as the candy dissolves they can identify the specific taste. This is du ...
... When having a cold or a stuffed up nose food tastes dull food. At first we may not be able to tell the specific flavour of a candy, just perhaps a sensation of sweetness or sourness. If students are patient, some may notice that as the candy dissolves they can identify the specific taste. This is du ...
The Living World - Chapter 28 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
... Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
Chap016, Chapter 16: Autonomic Nervous System
... less regular rhythm. How is nicotine able to produce these variable responses? Answer: Nicotine is able to produce these variable responses because nicotinic receptors are found on postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Therefore, nicotine can stimulate ...
... less regular rhythm. How is nicotine able to produce these variable responses? Answer: Nicotine is able to produce these variable responses because nicotinic receptors are found on postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Therefore, nicotine can stimulate ...
How Spike Generation Mechanisms Determine the Neuronal
... passive membrane time constant is m ⫽ C/gL. The LIF (Knight, 1972a; Tuckwell, 1988) is the special case of this family of models for which ( V) ⫽ 0. In this model, a spike threshold Vth has to be imposed to obtain spike generation. The resulting spike is instantaneous, and the neuron is reset to a ...
... passive membrane time constant is m ⫽ C/gL. The LIF (Knight, 1972a; Tuckwell, 1988) is the special case of this family of models for which ( V) ⫽ 0. In this model, a spike threshold Vth has to be imposed to obtain spike generation. The resulting spike is instantaneous, and the neuron is reset to a ...
Chapter 49 - Part II
... c. connected by gap junctions in tissues (allow action potential to pass from one cell to next) electrical synapse d. Involuntary (autonomic NS) ...
... c. connected by gap junctions in tissues (allow action potential to pass from one cell to next) electrical synapse d. Involuntary (autonomic NS) ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... curvature of the neuraxis. In quadrapedal animals, this curvature is not present. Much of the terminology like ventral (L. belly), dorsal (L. back), rostral (L. beak) and caudal (L. tail), has been adopted from our quadrapedal ancestors. ...
... curvature of the neuraxis. In quadrapedal animals, this curvature is not present. Much of the terminology like ventral (L. belly), dorsal (L. back), rostral (L. beak) and caudal (L. tail), has been adopted from our quadrapedal ancestors. ...
NT Notes
... substance that transmits nerve impulses across synapses (space between two neurons), that effect motor coordination, mood, behavior, and other physiological activities, such as heart rate. Different types of NT have different actions based on tissue type, receptor type, etc. ...
... substance that transmits nerve impulses across synapses (space between two neurons), that effect motor coordination, mood, behavior, and other physiological activities, such as heart rate. Different types of NT have different actions based on tissue type, receptor type, etc. ...
neuroanatomy - University of Toledo
... view and the approach which will best clarify the subject which takes the most effort.” Years before the inception of “the integrated curriculum,” Netter the physician realized that a good medical illustration can include clinical information and physiologic functions as well as anatomy. In pursuit ...
... view and the approach which will best clarify the subject which takes the most effort.” Years before the inception of “the integrated curriculum,” Netter the physician realized that a good medical illustration can include clinical information and physiologic functions as well as anatomy. In pursuit ...
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic properties of cortical layer VI
... have measurable first EPSP after its reduction following carbachol application. For this reason we set the first EPSP amplitude in control condition between 1–2 mV. The amplitudes of consecutive EPSPs were estimated according to their individual baselines determined as an average voltage measured wi ...
... have measurable first EPSP after its reduction following carbachol application. For this reason we set the first EPSP amplitude in control condition between 1–2 mV. The amplitudes of consecutive EPSPs were estimated according to their individual baselines determined as an average voltage measured wi ...
Nondirected axonal growth on basal lamina from avian embryonic
... Regeneration experiments in the frog peripheral nervous system also suggest that musele basal laminae have a prominent function in axonal guidance. Regrowing motor axons accurately relocate to the previous site of synaptic contact on the surface ofthe musele fiber (Rarnon y Cajal, 1928; Bennett and ...
... Regeneration experiments in the frog peripheral nervous system also suggest that musele basal laminae have a prominent function in axonal guidance. Regrowing motor axons accurately relocate to the previous site of synaptic contact on the surface ofthe musele fiber (Rarnon y Cajal, 1928; Bennett and ...
Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
... effector mechanisms by using norepinephrine neurotransmitter substance. Based on the transmitter substance used, most preganglionic fibers are classified as cholinergic and most postganglionic fibers as adrenergic (sweat glands and blood vessels in skeletal muscle are exceptions). The Parasympatheti ...
... effector mechanisms by using norepinephrine neurotransmitter substance. Based on the transmitter substance used, most preganglionic fibers are classified as cholinergic and most postganglionic fibers as adrenergic (sweat glands and blood vessels in skeletal muscle are exceptions). The Parasympatheti ...
Long lnterfascicular Axon Growth from Embryonic Neurons
... cells formed compact masses, which were elongated along the axis of the host tract. All these types of donor tissue contained neurons that grew axons in each of the host tracts. E 18 superior collicular cells survived poorly, and did not produce axons. ...
... cells formed compact masses, which were elongated along the axis of the host tract. All these types of donor tissue contained neurons that grew axons in each of the host tracts. E 18 superior collicular cells survived poorly, and did not produce axons. ...
Chapter 14: Autonomic Nervous System
... vessels in a continual state of partial constriction This sympathetic tone (vasomotor tone): Constricts blood vessels and causes blood pressure to rise as needed Prompts vessels to dilate if blood pressure is to be decreased ...
... vessels in a continual state of partial constriction This sympathetic tone (vasomotor tone): Constricts blood vessels and causes blood pressure to rise as needed Prompts vessels to dilate if blood pressure is to be decreased ...
BI_231_Laboratory_Packagefall 2011
... gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor. 5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them ...
... gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor. 5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them ...
The Central Nervous System
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
State-Dependent TMS Reveals a Hierarchical
... RTs (minus number of excluded error trials). In each of the 2 experiments, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with the 3 within-subjects variables: ‘‘stimulation modality’’ (6 levels in Experiment 1: no TMS, SPL, left SMG, left PMv, right SMG, and right PMv and 3 levels in Experiment 2: l ...
... RTs (minus number of excluded error trials). In each of the 2 experiments, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with the 3 within-subjects variables: ‘‘stimulation modality’’ (6 levels in Experiment 1: no TMS, SPL, left SMG, left PMv, right SMG, and right PMv and 3 levels in Experiment 2: l ...
Neural processes underlying conscious perception
... frontal and cingulate cortex, that appear to be specifically involved in conscious perception. Some studies also highlight the fact that, contrary to sensory areas, these fronto-parietal sites seem to be involved in conscious perception regardless of the nature of the stimulus that is consciously per ...
... frontal and cingulate cortex, that appear to be specifically involved in conscious perception. Some studies also highlight the fact that, contrary to sensory areas, these fronto-parietal sites seem to be involved in conscious perception regardless of the nature of the stimulus that is consciously per ...
The Special Senses
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Chp 13 - PNS all - Hicksville Public Schools
... Feature abstraction – used to identify a substance that has specific texture or shape Quality discrimination – the ability to identify submodalities of a sensation (e.g., sweet or sour ...
... Feature abstraction – used to identify a substance that has specific texture or shape Quality discrimination – the ability to identify submodalities of a sensation (e.g., sweet or sour ...
Fundamentals of the Nervous System, Part 2
... Inhibitory Synapses and IPSPs • Neurotransmitter binds to and opens channels for K+ or Cl– • Causes a hyperpolarization (the inner surface of membrane becomes more negative) • Reduces the postsynaptic neuron’s ability to produce an action potential ...
... Inhibitory Synapses and IPSPs • Neurotransmitter binds to and opens channels for K+ or Cl– • Causes a hyperpolarization (the inner surface of membrane becomes more negative) • Reduces the postsynaptic neuron’s ability to produce an action potential ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... membrane was ruptured with negative pressure. Current-clamp recordings were made with a Multi Clamp 700B amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA, USA). Signals were lowpass-filtered at 5 or 10 kHz and sampled at 10 or 20 kHz, respectively, using Clampex 9.0 software (Axon Instruments, Foster City ...
... membrane was ruptured with negative pressure. Current-clamp recordings were made with a Multi Clamp 700B amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA, USA). Signals were lowpass-filtered at 5 or 10 kHz and sampled at 10 or 20 kHz, respectively, using Clampex 9.0 software (Axon Instruments, Foster City ...
Pleiotrophin is a Neurotrophic Factor for Spinal Motor Neurons
... axons and denervation of Schwann cells distal to the site of injury. Denervated Schwann cells secrete a variety of growth factors and assume the role of ‘‘transient target’’ for regenerating axons (1, 2). Among these neurotrophic molecules are wellknown ones such as nerve growth factor and glial cel ...
... axons and denervation of Schwann cells distal to the site of injury. Denervated Schwann cells secrete a variety of growth factors and assume the role of ‘‘transient target’’ for regenerating axons (1, 2). Among these neurotrophic molecules are wellknown ones such as nerve growth factor and glial cel ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.