Download BI_231_Laboratory_Packagefall 2011

Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus
BI 231 Lab
Supplemental Package
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PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and
clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire
blanket, safety kit, and showers.
2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.
3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory
guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind,
store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the
benches.
4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear
of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for
this purpose.
5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties
are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory.
Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or
lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.
6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking
immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes,
immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform
the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform
instructor.
7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.
Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the
dissection of preserved material.
8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when
instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.
9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or
surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts
or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after
removing gloves.
10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your
instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to
water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.
11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how
minor, to the instructor immediately.
12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
will be excluded from the Laboratory
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Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials
 Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have
come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for
decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
 Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10%
bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.
 Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not
replace their covers.
1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.
2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces
soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a
sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in
Carosafe/Wardsafe.
4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your
instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for
gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used
(MSDS). Ask your instructor.
5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace
and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please
use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.
a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the
models and may take a long time to replace.
6. At the end of an experiment:
a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.
b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!
7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.
8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use
lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been
coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure
it is in assigned cupboard.
9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are
numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in
box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you
instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in
each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.
10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash
container
provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory
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Please Read
You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will
want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be
liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of
terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well.
If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures
under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are
available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the
structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models.
Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on
quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!
Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand
what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions
in the tests.
Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the
beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be
quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only
long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.
Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware
of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.
Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can
only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both
instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be
automatically thrown out.
There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do.
You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare
for the tests.
Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.
If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator
([email protected]) Thank you!
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BI 231 Laboratory: Week 1
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Go over Laboratory Guidelines and Procedures, sign-up for microscopes and lab cabinet
From Lab Manual
Ex 1. Body Organizationn and Terminology
Ex 2. Care and Use of the Compound Light Microscope: This chapter is review. You should
already know how to use and care for a microscope. Please ask your instructor for help if you
need help have forgotten how to use the microscope.
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: Anatomical terminology, organ systems and organ
DO NOT DO ACTIVITY 2.5 on page 22.
Lab resources: Dissectable models, muscle models
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Anatomical body regions, relationships, and planes (Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)(Table 1.1)
Organs and organ systems (Fig. 1.5)
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (Fig. 1.6)(Table 1.2)
Body cavities (Fig. 1.7)(Table 1.3)
Serous membranes (Fig. 1.7)
Compound light microscopes: care and use thereof
Superficial muscle groups, please label image below
a. Sternocleidomastoid
b. Deltoid
c. Pectoralis major
d. External abdominal oblique
e. Rectus abdominis
f. Biceps brachii
g. Sartorius
h. Rectus femoris
i. Tibialis anterior
j. Trapezius
k. Deltoid
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l. Triceps brachii
m. Latissimus dorsi
n. Gluteus maximus
o. Semitendinosus
p. Biceps femoris
q. Gastrocnemius
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BI 231 Laboratory: Week 2
Quiz 1 (material from previous week)
Tissues – Histology
Ex 5. Epithelial and Connective Tissues
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: Be able to identify various epithelial and connective tissues and know locations in
the human body where these tissues can be found.
Remember that organs contain more than one tissue type so majority of the slides that you will
view will have more than one tissue type so please use the characteristics of the various tissue
types to identify them within the organ you are viewing.
Lab resources: Microscopes, slide boxes in designated cabinets, instructor scope
Epithelial Tissues: slides to use are outlined in parentheses (Know Table 5.1, 5.2)
 Simple squamous epithelium (artery, vein, capillaries, alveoli of the lung, Bowman’s
capsule)
 Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized (skin) and non-keratinized (esophagus)
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 Simple cuboidal epithelium (thyroid gland, kidney tubules, some glandular ducts, sweat
glands)
 Stratified cuboidal epithelium (ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, sweat glands)
 Simple columnar epithelium, ciliated (fallopian/uterine tube) and non-ciliated (GI tract)
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 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (trachea, bronchi)
 Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder, ureters)
Mucous membranes: epithelial tissues that secrete mucus via goblet cells
Connective Tissues: slides are labeled with corresponding tissue (know Table 5.3)
 Embryonic CT: Mesenchyme (no slide in lab, please use laboratory manual)
 Connective tissue proper: Loose CT and Dense CT
o Loose CT: Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
o
o
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o Dense CT: Dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, elastic tissue
 Solid connective tissues
o Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
o Bone. Structural components of compact bone (Fig. 5.16)
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 Fluid connective tissues
o Blood. Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
o Lymph (no slide)
Matrix of CT = Ground substance + fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
I recommend drawing the slides that you view under the microscope. This helps clarify
distinguishing characteristics of each tissue type. If you do not wish to draw the slides write the
functions of the tissues.
Terms to know:
Collagen fibers*
Blast cells
Elastic fibers*
Fibroblasts
Reticular fibers*
Chondroblasts
Matrix
Osteoblasts
Ground substance
Hemocytoblasts
Goblet cells*
Fibrocytes
Erythrocytes*
Chondrocytes*
Leukocytes*
Osteocytes*
*Be able to identify these cells and fibers under the microscope
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BI 231 Laboratory: Week 3
Quiz 2 (material from previous week)
The Integument and its Accessory Structures
Ex 6. The Integumentary System: Cutaneous membrane (skin) + accessory structures (pp6979)
Ex 7. Part I: Introduction to the Skeletal System (pp. 83 - 88
_______________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: Be able to identify organizational layers of the epidermis and dermis as well as
identify accessory structures of the skin
Slides available: thick and thin skin slides and compact bone slides
Lab resources: Integument models, integument and finger nail models, microscope, slide boxes
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Microscopic structure of the skin
Anatomical model of the skin, images
Specialized cells of the skin
Accessory structures of the skin
The structure of nails
Terms to know:
Organ level
Organ system
Organ
Cutaneous membrane
Accessory structures of skin
Integumentary system
Epidermis
Dermis
Thick skin
Thin skin
Stratum germinativum/ basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Keratinocytes
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Dermal papillae
Epidermal ridges
Hypodermis (superficial fascia or
subcutaneous tissue)
Stratified squamous, keratinized
epithelium
Melanocytes
Hair follicles
Hair bulb
Hair matrix
Hair root
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Hair shaft
Keratin
Sebaceous glands
Arrector pili muscle
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Nail plate
Nail bed
Free edge
Hyponychium
Lunula
Cuticle or eponychium
Lateral nail folds
Nail matrix
Nail root
Exercise 7: Terms to know
Fig 7.1 Classification of bones by shape
Fig 7.3 structure of compact and spongy bone (All)
Lamellae
Compact bone
Osteon (Haversian system)
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Trabeculae
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Central (Haversian) canal
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
Interstitial lamellae
Circumferential lamellae
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Medullary cavity
Diploe
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Endosteum
Periosteum
Perforating or Sharpey’s fibers
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BI 231 Laboratory: Week 4
Quiz 3 (material from previous week)
Muscle Tissue – Histology & Nervous Tissue – Anatomy and Histology
Ex 10. Histology of Muscle Tissue
Ex 13. Histology of Nervous Tissue (pages 249-255)
Review for Lab Practical I
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: Muscle and nervous tissue histology taken from exercises 10 and 13
Lab resources: Model of neuron, model of muscle w/neuromuscular junction, microscope, slide
boxes
Slides available: Neuron, nerve, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle slides
Terms to know from exercise 10:
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle fibers
epimysium
Endomysium
Perimysium
Fascicle
Striations
Myofibrils
I bands
A band
H band
Intercalated discs
Actin (thin filaments)
Myosin (thick filaments)
Sarcoplasm
Draw and label a sarcomere:
Action potentials
M line
Zones of overlap
Z lines
Sarcomere
Sarcolemma
Neuromuscular junction
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Motor nerve fiber (axon)
Synaptic terminal
Motor end plate
Motor unit
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Muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
Terms to know from Exercise 13
Table 13.1 Neuroglia cell types
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Receptors
Motor (efferent) division
Sensory (afferent) division
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic sensory receptors
Visceral sensory receptors
Special sensory receptors
Neuron or nerve cell
Chromatophilic (Nissl) bodies
Nuclei (singular = nucleus)
Ganglia (singular = ganglion)
Dendrites
Axons
Synaptic (axon) terminal (synaptic knob)
Myelin sheath
Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinated fibers
Unmyelinated fibers
Nodes (nodes of Ranvier)
Interneurons or association neurons
Multipolar neurons
Anaxonic neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
Pseudounipolar neurons
Neuroglia or glial cells
Cell body
Axon hillock
Synapses
axoplasm
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Lab Practical I will be next week (week 5)!
The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab
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Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
Models
Images
Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)
75 questions
Timed stations
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BI 231 Laboratory: Week 6
No quiz this week!
The Axial Skeleton
Ex 7. Part 2, The Axial Skeleton (pp. 89-110)
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Study focus: Be able to identify all bones and landmarks on tables 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4
Lab resources: Skulls, bags of ribs, sternum, box of vertebrae, boxes of articulated spines. Also,
there is a fetal skull and a model of disarticulated skull (please leave on the instructor bench)
For clarification:
Zygomatic arch: Zygomatic process (temporal bone) + Temporal process (zygomatic bone)
Nasal septum: Perpendicular plate (ethmoid bone) + vomer
Terms to know: Along with the Tables listed above
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Anterior (frontal) fontanel
Posterior (occipital) fontanel
Anterolateral (sphenoidal) fontanel
Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel
Primary curvatures
Secondary curvatures
Intervertebral foramen
Atlas
Axis
Dens
Sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Sternal angle
Costal cartilages
True ribs
False ribs
Vertebrochondral ribs
Floating ribs
Vertebral end of rib
Sternal end of rib
Head, tubercle, neck, shaft or body, angle
and costal groove of ribs
Coronal suture
Squamous suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Nuchal lines of occipital bone
Alveolar ridge
Lateral, medial and superior borders of
scapula
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Study Tips and How to cope with the amount of material for the following labs
 Write out a list of terms
 Write out terms as many times as it takes you to get the spelling correct
 Test yourself …you can do this in many ways! Former successful students have
o Made up quizzes near the end of lab using models
o Had other students quiz them using models or – if not present – images
o Taken pictures of models/specimen and made up a PowerPoint quiz
o Drawn structures and named them
 If you do the above, test yourself randomly by using several models at once …remember
that in the practical you will have to recall names of structures in a random fashion!
 If you do the above, write down the structures you are naming to practice spelling!
 If a name is hard for you to remember, it helps to know the meaning of root words and
to make the connection to the structure… after all, they have a name for a reason
 Some student use mnemonics to remember names for structures
 Taking pictures of models always helps!
 There are also great web resources with labeled images of the models we use in lab
 Use a coloring book! Successful students have raved about them…
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BI 231 Laboratory: Week 7
Quiz on the Axial Skeleton
Ex 8. Part 2, The Appendicular Skeleton
Ex 9: The structure of the knee joint
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Study focus: Know all the bones and landmarks listed in Tables 8.1 and 8.2, fig. 8.9
Lab resources: Articulated skeletons, bone boxes
Terms to know:
Male and female pelvis characteristics (See fig 8.8)
Hyoid bone
Interosseous membrane
Quadriceps tendon
Patellar ligament
Tibial collateral ligament
Fibular collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus
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BI 231 Laboratory: Week 8
Quiz on the Appendicular Skeleton
Ex 11. Part 1, The Muscle System
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Study focus: List of muscles included in this packet ONLY found in Exercise 11 on pp. 166 - 187
of lab manual, Exercise 11 review sheet
Lab resources: Models, Muscle men
Give definition of origin of a muscle:
Give definition of insertion of a muscle:
Table 9.2 Anatomical terms of movement
FlexionExtension
Abduction
Adduction
SupinationPronationOppositionRepositionEversionInversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Circumduction
Lateral flexion
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Be able to identify the muscle, action, origin and insertion for each muscle
Muscles
MUSCLES OF THE
HEAD
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Frontalis
Epicranial aponeurosis
Skin over forehead
Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of
forehead
Facial VII
Occipitalis
Nuchal line on occipital bone
Epicranial aponeurosis
Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls
scalp posteriorly
Facial VII
Orbicularis oculi
Medial orbital margin
Skin surrounding eye
Closes eyelids and acts during
squinting and blinking
Facial VII
Temporalis
Temporal bone
Coronoid process of mandible
Elevates and retracts mandible
Trigeminal V
Masseter
Zygomatic process and arch
Ramus of mandible
Elevates mandible
Trigeminal V
Orbicularis oris
Maxillary bone; mandible
lips
Closes and purses lips
Facial VII
Zygomaticus major
Zygomatic bone
Corner of mouth
Elevates corner of mouth
Facial VII
Mentalis
Alveolar ridge of incisors of mandible
Skin over chin
Elevates and protrudes lower lip
Facial VII
Risorius
Fascia of masseter
Corner of mouth
Draws corner of mouth laterally
Facial VII
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SUPERFICIAL
MUSCULATURE OF
THE NECK
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Omohyoid
Superior belly
Clavicle and first rib
Hyoid bone
Depresses hyoid bone
Ansa cervicalis
Inferior belly
Superior margin of scapula
Clavicle and 1st rib
Thyrohyoid
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Hyoid bone
Depresses hyoid bone, elevates
thyroid cartilage
Ansa cervicalis
Sternothyroid
Posterior surface of manubrium
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Depresses thyroid cartilage
Ansa cervicalis
Sternohyoid
Posterior surface of manubrium, and
medial clavicle
Hyoid bone
Depresses hyoid bone
Ansa cervicalis
Stylohyoid
Styloid process
Hyoid bone
Moves hyoid bone up and back
Facial VII
Mylohyoid
Inferior margin of mandible
Hyoid bone
Elevates hyoid bone and floor of
mouth, depresses mandible
Trigeminal V
Digastric
Anterior: Lower border of mandible
near midline
Hyoid bone
Elevates hyoid bone and base of
tongue, depresses mandible
Ant: Trigeminal V
- Anterior belly
-Posterior belly
Posterior: Mastoid process of temporal
bone
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Post: Facial VII
MUSCLES OF THE
NECK & BACK
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Sternocleidomastoid
Manubrium and medial third of clavicle
Mastoid process
Flexion and lateral flexion of neck;
rotates head so face is turned
superiorly and to the opposite side
C2 and C2, spinal
accessory, XI
Trapezius
Posterior surface of occipital bone;
ligamentum nuchae; and spinous
process of thoracic vertebrae
Lateral third of clavicle; acromion
process; spine of scapula
Superior fibers: elevates scapula
Spinal accessory
XI, C3, and C4
Middle fibers: retracts scapula
Inferior fibers: depress scapula
Latissimus dorsi
Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic
vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest
of ilium
Intertubercular groove of humerus
Extension, adduction and medial
rotation of arm
Thoracodorsal
Levator scapula
Transverse processes of C1-4
Medial border above spine of
scapula
Elevates scapula; acts with pectoralis
minor to inferiorly rotate scapula
Doral scapular
Rhomboid major
Spinous process of T2-5 and
supraspinous ligament
Medial border below spine of
scapula
Adducts scapula and rotates it
downward; stabilizes scapula
Dorsal scapular
Rhomboid minor
Spinous process of C7-T1
Medial border of scapula at base of
spine
Adducts scapula and rotates it
downward; stabilizes scapula
Dorsal scapular
Serratus anterior
External surface of upper 8 ribs
Medial border of scapula
Abducts scapula and rotates it
upward. Important in horizontal arm
movements (‘boxer’s muscle)
Long thoracic
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Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of
lumbar vertebrae and T11,12
Angle of the last 6 or 7 ribs
Extension of vertebral column
Spinal nerves
dorsal rami
--Longissimus
Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of
lumbar vertebrae and T11,12
Transverse processes of thoracic
vertebrae
Extension of vertebral column
Spinal nerves
dorsal rami
--Spinalis
Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of
lumbar vertebrae and T11,12
Spinous processes of upper thoracic
vertebrae
Extension of vertebral column
Spinal nerves
dorsal rami
Ant. and middle: elevates 1st rib,
flexes neck forward and laterally,
rotates neck
Cervical spinal
C3-C8.
Erector Spinae
--Iliocoastalis
Scalenes
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Anterior
Middle
Posterior
MUSCLES OF
THORACIC WALL
Transverse processes of C3-C6
1st rib
Transverse processes of C2-C7
1st rib
Transverse processes of C4-C6
2nd rib
ORIGIN
Post: elevates 2nd rib, flexes neck
laterally, slightly rotates neck
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
External intercostal
Inferior border of rib above
Superior border of rib below
Elevates rib cage during normal
inspiration
Intercostal
Internal intercostal
Superior border of rib below
Inferior border of rib above
Depresses rib cage during forced
expiration
Intercostal
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Pectoralis major
Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal
cartilages, aponeurosis of external
abdominal oblique
Lateral lip of intertubular groove of
humerus
Flexion, medial rotation and adduction
of the arm
Lateral and
medial pectoral
Pectoralis minor
Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5
Coracoid process of scapula
Depression and inferior rotation of
scapula
Medial pectoral
MUSCLES OF THE
ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Rectus abdominis
Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis
Xiphoid process and cartilages of
ribs 5 to 7
Flexion of vertebral column; stabilizes
pelvis during walking; compresses
abdomen to aid in defecation,
urination, forced exhalation.
Intercostal 7 to
12
External abdominal
oblique
External surface of lower 8 ribs
Linea alba; pubic crest; pubic
tubercle; iliac crest
Rotation and lateral flexion of trunk;
increases intraabdominal pressure
during forced expiration
Intercostals 8 to
12,
iliohypogastric,
ilioinguinal
Internal abdominal
oblique
Lateral half of inguinal ligament,
anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar
fascia
Lower four ribs, linea alba and by
conjoined tendon to pubis
Compresses abdomen, and flex
vertebral column; acting singly,
laterally flex vertebral column
Intercostals 8 to
12,
iliohypogastric,
ilioinguinal
Transverse abdominis
Lateral third of inguinal ligament,
anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar
fascia
Linea alba, pubis crest
Compresses abdomen and Increases
intraabdominal pressure during forced
expiration
Intercostals 7 to
12,
iliohypogastric,
ilioinguinal
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MUSCLES OF THE
SHOULDER AND
ARM
Deltoid
ORIGIN
lateral third of clavicle, acromion
process and spine of scapula
INSERTION
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
ACTION
Anterior fibers: medial rotation and
flexion of arm
NERVE
Axillary
Middle fibers: abduction of arm
Posterior fibers: lateral rotation and
extension of arm
Supraspinatus
Supraspinous fossa
Superior portion of greater tubercle
of humerus
Abducts humerus
Suprascapular
Infraspinatus
Infraspinous fossa
Middle portion of greater tubercle
of humerus
Rotates humerus laterally
Suprascapular
Teres minor
Lateral border of scapula
Greater tubercle of humerus
Rotates humerus laterally
Scapular circumflex
Subscapularis
Subscapular fossa
Lesser tubercle of humerus
Rotates humerus medially
Upper and lower
subscapularis
Teres major
Scapula, near inferior angle
Medial lip of intertubular groove of
humerus
Extends arm at shoulder joint and
assists in adduction and medial
rotation of arm at shoulder joint.
Lower subscapular
Biceps brachii
Long head, supraglenoid tubercle;
Tuberosity of radius
Flexes and supination of forearm;
flexion of arm
Musculocutaneous
Coronoid process of ulna
Flexes forearm
Musculocutaneous
and radial
Short head, coracoid process scapula
Brachialis
Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus
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Coracobrachialis
Coracoid process of scapula
Middle third of humerus
Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder
joint
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Triceps brachii
Long head, infraglenoid tubercle;
Olecranon process of ulna
Extension of forearm; long head
extends and adducts arm
Radial
Lateral head, proximal portion of
posterior humerus;
Medial head, distal half of posterior
humerus
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BI 231 Laboratory: Week 9
Quiz on Muscle Group 1
Ex 11. Part 2, The Muscle System
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: List of muscles included in this packet ONLY found in exercise 11 on pp. 187 - 232 of lab manual, Exercise 11 review
sheet
Lab resources: Models, Muscle men
Be able to identify the muscle, action, origin and insertion for each muscle
Anconeus
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Olecranon process, posterior
surface of ulna
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Weak extensor of ulna, stabilizes
elbow joint in extension
Radial
MUSCLES OF ANT.
FOREARM
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Flexor carpi radialis
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Base of second metacarpal
Flexion and abduction of the wrist
Median
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Medial epicondyle of humerus,
olecranon process, & posterior ulna
Pisiform, hamate, and fifth
metacarpal
Flexes and adducts wrist
Ulnar
Pronator teres
Medial epicondyle of humerus and
coronoid process of ulna
Lateral surface of radius
Pronates and flexes forearm
Median
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
Medial epicondyle of humerus and
coronoid process of ulna
Middle phalanges of fingers
Flexes fingers and wrist
Median
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna
and interosseous membrane
Distal phalanges of fingers
Flexes fingers and wrist
Median and
Ulnar
Flexor pollicis longus
Middle half of radius, interosseous
membrane, coronoid process of ulna
Distal phalanx of thumb
Flexes thumb and wrist
Median
Palmaris longus
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Palmar aponeurosis
Weak flexion of wrist
Median
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MUSCLES OF
POSTEROLATERAL
FOREARM
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Brachioradialis
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Styloid process of radius
Flexes forearm
Radial
Extensor carpi radialis
longus
Lateral supracondylar ridge of
humerus
Second metacarpal
Extends and abducts wrist
Radial
Extensor carpi radialis
brevis
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Third metacarpal
Extends and abducts wrist
Radial
Extensor digitorum
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Distal and middle phalanges of each
finger
Extends fingers and hand
Radial
Extensor digiti minimi
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Tendon of extensor digitorum on
fifth phalanx
Extends 5th digit and hand
Radial
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Lateral epicondyle of humerus and
posterior border of ulna
Fifth metacarpal
Extends and adducts hand at wrist
joint
Radial
Abductor pollicis longus
Posterior surface of ulna and radius,
and interosseous membrane
First metacarpal
Abducts and extends thumb
Radial
Extensor pollicis brevis
Posterior surface of middle of radius
and interosseous membrane
Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Extends thumb
Radial
Extensor pollicis longus
Posterior surface of middle third of
ulna and interosseous membrane
Base of distal phalanx of thumb
Extends thumb
Radial
Supinator
Lateral epicondyle of humerus,
proximal ulna
Lateral surface and posterior
border of radius
Supinates forearm
Radial
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MUSCLES OF THE
PALM
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Abductor pollicis
brevis
Scaphoid and trapezium
Proximal phalanx of thumb
Abduction of thumb; opposition of
thumb
Median
Flexor pollicis brevis
Trapezium
Proximal phalanx of thumb
Flexes thumb; opposition of thumb
Median
Flexor digiti minimi
Hook of hamate
Proximal phalanx of fifth digit
Flexes fifth digit
Ulnar
Abductor digiti
minimi
Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi
ulnaris
Proximal phalanx of fifth digit
Abducts fifth digit
Ulnar
MUSCLES OF DEEP
BACK AND GLUTEAL
REGION
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Gluteus maximus
Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and
coccyx
Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial
tract
Principal extensor and lateral rotator
of thigh;
Inferior gluteal
Gluteus medius
Lateral surface of ilium
Greater trochanter of femur, lateral
surface
Abduction and medial rotation of
thigh; steadies the pelvis during
walking
Superior gluteal
Piriformis
Anterior surface of sacrum
Greater trochanter of femur
Abducts thigh
Twigs from sacral
one and two
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Quadratus femoris
Ischial tuberosity
Elevation superior to mid-portion of
intertrochanteric crest on posterior
femur
Laterally rotates and stabilizes hip joint
Nerve to
quadratus
lumborum
Psoas
Transverse processes of bodies of
lumbar vertebrae
Lesser trochanter of femur with
iliacus
Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh
laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in
sitting up from supine position
Femoral
Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum
Lesser trochanter of femur with
psoas major
Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh
laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in
sitting up from supine position
Femoral
Major
Iliacus
MUSCLES OF THE
POSTERIOR THIGH
Biceps femoris
ORIGIN
Long head, ischial tuberosity;
Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge
of femur
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Head of fibula and lateral condyle
of tibia
Extension of thigh; flexion of leg
Sciatic
Semimembranosus
Ischial tuberosity
Medial condyle of tibia
Extension of thigh; flexion of leg
Sciatic
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity,
Medial condyle of tibia
Extension of thigh; flexion of leg
Sciatic
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MUSCLES OF
ANTERIOR AND
MEDIAL THIGH
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Sartorius
Anterior superior iliac spine
Medial surface of tibia near the
knee joint
Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation
of thigh; flexion of leg
Femoral
Tensor fasciae latae
Anterior superior iliac spine of ilium
Iliotibial tract
Flexes thigh, abducts, and medially
rotates thigh; steadies trunk on thigh
while standing
Superior gluteal
Quadriceps femoris
Anterior inferior iliac spine and
upper margin of acetabulum
Tibial tuberosity
Extension of leg; flexion of thigh
Femoral
Vastus lateralis
Intertrochanteric line and linea
aspera of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Extends leg
Femoral
Vastus medialis
Intertrochanteric line and linea
aspera of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Extends leg
Femoral
Vastus intermedius
Upper shaft of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Extends leg
Femoral
Adductor longus
Body of pubic bone
Middle third of linea aspera
Adduction and flexion of thigh
Obturator
Adductor magnus
Inferior ramus of pubic bone; ramus
of ischium
Linea aspera and adductor tubercle
Adduction and flexion of thigh;
extension of thigh
Obturator &
sciatic
Medial surface of tibia near the
knee joint
Adducts thigh at hip joint, medially
rotates thigh, and flexes leg at knee
joint.
Obturator
Rectus femoris
Ischial tuberosity of ischium
Gracilis
Body and inferior ramus of pubic
bone
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Pectineus
MUSCLES OF THE
POSTERIOR LEG
Superior ramus of pubis
ORIGIN
Just inferior to the lesser trochanter
INSERTION
Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with
medial rotation of thigh
ACTION
Femoral
NERVE
Tibialis posterior
Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula;
interosseous membrane
Navicular, with slips to cuneiform;
cuboid; metatarsals 2-4
Plantar flexion and inversion of foot
Tibial
Flexor digitorum
longus
Posterior surface of tibia
Distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of toes
Tibial
Flexor hallucis longus
Posterior surface of fibula;
interosseous membrane
Distal phalanx of great toe
Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of great
toe
Tibial
Soleus
Head of fibula; posterior surface of
fibula; medial aspect of tibia
With gastrocnemius into calcaneus
via calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexion of foot
Tibial
Gastrocnemius
Medial and lateral condyles of femur
With soleus into calcaneus via
calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of the
leg
Tibial
Popliteus
Lateral surface of lateral condyle
Posterior surface of tibia just below
condyles
Flexion of leg; medial rotation of leg to
unlock knee prior to leg flexion
Tibial
Plantaris
Lateral supracondylar line of femur
Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal
tendon
Assists in plantar flexion of foot and
flexion of leg
Tibial
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MUSCLES OF THE
ANTEROLATERAL LEG
AND DORSUM OF
THE FOOT
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Tibialis anterior
Lateral condyle and lateral surface of
tibia and interosseous membrane
Base of first cuneiform and first
metatarsal
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
Deep fibular
Extensor hallucis
longus
Anterior surface of fibula and
interosseous membrane
Distal phalanx of great toe
Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe
Deep fibular
Extensor digitorum
longus
Lateral condyle of tibia; medial surface
of fibula & interosseous membrane
Middle and distal phalanges of
digits 2-5
Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes
Deep fibular
Fibularis longus
Head and lateral surface of fibula
First metatarsal and first cuneiform
and
Eversion of foot
Superficial fibular
Fibularis brevis
Lateral surface of fibula
Fifth metatarsal
Eversion of foot
Superficial fibular
Fibularis tertius
Inferior third of anterior surface of
fibula and interosseous membrane
5th metatarsal
Dorsiflexes ankle and aids in eversion
of the foot
Deep fibular
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Dorsal surface of calcaneus
By four tendons into extensor
expansion
Extends toes
Deep fibular
Extensor hallucis
brevis
Medial surface of calcaneus
Proximal phalanx of great toe
Extends toes
Deep fibular
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MUSCLES OF THE
SOLE OF THE FOOT
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
NERVE
Abductor hallucis
Tuberosity of calcaneus
Medial aspect of proximal phalanx
of great toe
Abducts and flexes great toe; supports
medial longitudinal arch
Medial plantar
Flexor digitorum
brevis
Tuberosity of calcaneus
By four tendons into middle
phalanx of lateral four toes
Flexes lateral four toes
Medial plantar
Abductor digiti
minimi
Tuberosisty of calcaneus
Lateral side of proximal 5th phalanx
Abducts 5th Toe
Lateral plantar
Flexor hallucis brevis
Cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones
Base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe
Flexes great toe
Medial plantar
Flexor digiti minimi
brevis
Base of 5th Metatarsal
Base of proximal 5th phalanx
Flexes 5th toe
Lateral plantar
The final practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab (bones and muscles)
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Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
Models
Images
75 questions
Timed stations
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