Organization of acetylcholine-containing structures in the cranial
... precise information on their spatial location in relation to the cholinergic motoneurons in the rat (Ichikawa and Hirata, 1990) and monkey (Ichikawa and Shimizu, 1998). Our experiment revealed internuclear differences between the ChAT-positive bouton-like structures and motoneurons of the particular ...
... precise information on their spatial location in relation to the cholinergic motoneurons in the rat (Ichikawa and Hirata, 1990) and monkey (Ichikawa and Shimizu, 1998). Our experiment revealed internuclear differences between the ChAT-positive bouton-like structures and motoneurons of the particular ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... 3. An interneuron in the spinal cord processes the information and forms a response. 4. A motor neuron carries impulses to its effector, a muscle that it stimulates. 5. The muscle contracts and your leg moves. ...
... 3. An interneuron in the spinal cord processes the information and forms a response. 4. A motor neuron carries impulses to its effector, a muscle that it stimulates. 5. The muscle contracts and your leg moves. ...
Effects of Altitude - Argentina Medical Products
... A slight increase in ventilation is first noted on ascent above 1524 m (5000 ft). At rest, this increase is manifested primarily as an increase in the tidal volume. With exercise, both the tidal volume and the respiratory rate increase. The effect of hyperventilation is to decrease PaCO2, increasing ...
... A slight increase in ventilation is first noted on ascent above 1524 m (5000 ft). At rest, this increase is manifested primarily as an increase in the tidal volume. With exercise, both the tidal volume and the respiratory rate increase. The effect of hyperventilation is to decrease PaCO2, increasing ...
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
... - Inspiratory center(Dorsal respiratory group) - Expiratory center (Ventral respiratory group) These are neuronal cells that provide output to respiratory muscles for inspiration and expiration. In Pons - Pneumotaxic center – upper pons - Apneustic center – lower pons Pontine Center influence the ...
... - Inspiratory center(Dorsal respiratory group) - Expiratory center (Ventral respiratory group) These are neuronal cells that provide output to respiratory muscles for inspiration and expiration. In Pons - Pneumotaxic center – upper pons - Apneustic center – lower pons Pontine Center influence the ...
Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron
... and action potentials of u simulated neuron performing temporal integration of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs). The input is simulated on average as a balanced distribution of excitatory ond inhibitov PSPs(uniform distribution with a range of 35 PSPs;PSPmagnitude, 0.25 mV; resting potential, -70 mV; ...
... and action potentials of u simulated neuron performing temporal integration of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs). The input is simulated on average as a balanced distribution of excitatory ond inhibitov PSPs(uniform distribution with a range of 35 PSPs;PSPmagnitude, 0.25 mV; resting potential, -70 mV; ...
Spinal Cord - Sydney University Medical Society
... parallel and adjacent to the muscle; this is carried via myelinated Type Ia Fibres (70120 m/s) Golgi Tendon Organs – these are carried via Type Ib fibres (70-120 m/s) Joint Receptors - these are carried via Type II fibres (~30-70m/s) o Pain / Temperature A-delta Free Nerve Endings – these Type ...
... parallel and adjacent to the muscle; this is carried via myelinated Type Ia Fibres (70120 m/s) Golgi Tendon Organs – these are carried via Type Ib fibres (70-120 m/s) Joint Receptors - these are carried via Type II fibres (~30-70m/s) o Pain / Temperature A-delta Free Nerve Endings – these Type ...
exuberance in the development of cortical
... with age in the uptake, transport and diffusion of axonally transported substances that are used to trace them. Some tracers (for example, lipophilic molecules such as carbocyanine dyes) label young, unmyelinated axons well but older, myelinated axons much less effectively. Other tracers tend to be ...
... with age in the uptake, transport and diffusion of axonally transported substances that are used to trace them. Some tracers (for example, lipophilic molecules such as carbocyanine dyes) label young, unmyelinated axons well but older, myelinated axons much less effectively. Other tracers tend to be ...
Sliding
... Closing the eye for a brief period causes a shift in the responses towards the non-deprived eye. These shifts in ocular dominance can be easely interpreted as resulting from LTP/D like mechanisms ...
... Closing the eye for a brief period causes a shift in the responses towards the non-deprived eye. These shifts in ocular dominance can be easely interpreted as resulting from LTP/D like mechanisms ...
Extracellular voltage threshold settings can be tuned for optimal
... paralysis or other sensory–motor deficits. The recorded signals have taken the form of EEG, MEG, and intracortical signals (Schwartz et al 2006). A promising class of BCIs extracts information directly from action potentials, or ʻspikesʼ, identified from the voltage traces recorded from chronically im ...
... paralysis or other sensory–motor deficits. The recorded signals have taken the form of EEG, MEG, and intracortical signals (Schwartz et al 2006). A promising class of BCIs extracts information directly from action potentials, or ʻspikesʼ, identified from the voltage traces recorded from chronically im ...
14.10 Insight 775 Gilbert
... In perceptual learning, the improvement develops progressively over many trials, as opposed to other, more explicit types of learning which may require only a single exposure to a stimulus. Perceptual learning is implict, subjects are not consciously aware of it and it progresses even in the absence ...
... In perceptual learning, the improvement develops progressively over many trials, as opposed to other, more explicit types of learning which may require only a single exposure to a stimulus. Perceptual learning is implict, subjects are not consciously aware of it and it progresses even in the absence ...
Normal Tension Glaucoma
... Prostaglandins are supported due to their ability to reduce IOP that is already within the statistically normal range with minimal adverse effects Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists and beta blockers theoretically may affect OPP adversely CAIs often not advocated due to poor IOP lowering potential in ...
... Prostaglandins are supported due to their ability to reduce IOP that is already within the statistically normal range with minimal adverse effects Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists and beta blockers theoretically may affect OPP adversely CAIs often not advocated due to poor IOP lowering potential in ...
Objectives 35 - U
... - Globus pallidus internal neurons are inhibitory on thalamic neurons 7. Disorders - positive signs include involuntary muscle contractions in various patterns - negative signs include lack of muscle contraction - Parkinson’s: positive signs include resting tremor in hands and increase in muscle to ...
... - Globus pallidus internal neurons are inhibitory on thalamic neurons 7. Disorders - positive signs include involuntary muscle contractions in various patterns - negative signs include lack of muscle contraction - Parkinson’s: positive signs include resting tremor in hands and increase in muscle to ...
Denes et al. 2007 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
... Our revised scenario, that the ancestral role of Bmp signalling was to promote sensory over motor neuron fates, rather than a general antineurogenic effect, fits well with the actual distribution of motor and sensory neurons in many invertebrates, where it appears to be the rule rather than the exce ...
... Our revised scenario, that the ancestral role of Bmp signalling was to promote sensory over motor neuron fates, rather than a general antineurogenic effect, fits well with the actual distribution of motor and sensory neurons in many invertebrates, where it appears to be the rule rather than the exce ...
Realistic synaptic inputs for model neural networks
... before reaching the soma They are thus subject to losses from she longitudinal resistance of the dendritic cable and due to leakage through the dendritic membrane. Since synaptic conductances along the dendritic cable dramatically affect the amount of membrane leakage, they have an important nonline ...
... before reaching the soma They are thus subject to losses from she longitudinal resistance of the dendritic cable and due to leakage through the dendritic membrane. Since synaptic conductances along the dendritic cable dramatically affect the amount of membrane leakage, they have an important nonline ...
Temporal Firing Patterns of Purkinje Cells in the Cerebellar Ventral
... and position terms, which we used, was shown as the best among several potential models by Cp statistics, consistent with t-test of significance of each term. Reliable coefficients were obtained from 75% (109/146) of the well-reconstructed firing patterns of 28 cells among 30. The estimated coeffici ...
... and position terms, which we used, was shown as the best among several potential models by Cp statistics, consistent with t-test of significance of each term. Reliable coefficients were obtained from 75% (109/146) of the well-reconstructed firing patterns of 28 cells among 30. The estimated coeffici ...
ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Dopaminergic Neurons
... kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of Kir6.2 has recently been proposed. In this context, KATP channels in dopaminergic neurons might have an additional role. It has been shown that dopaminergic terminals directly innervate brain arterioles. Thus dopaminergic neurons might not only control neuronal a ...
... kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of Kir6.2 has recently been proposed. In this context, KATP channels in dopaminergic neurons might have an additional role. It has been shown that dopaminergic terminals directly innervate brain arterioles. Thus dopaminergic neurons might not only control neuronal a ...
B. trigeminal nerve
... C. The wall is deficient posteriorly. D. It is cylindrical in shape. ANSWER:B The pharynx is funnel-shaped chamber common to both the digestive and ...
... C. The wall is deficient posteriorly. D. It is cylindrical in shape. ANSWER:B The pharynx is funnel-shaped chamber common to both the digestive and ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... unaffected to the affected motor cortex.46 Similar shifts in interhemispheric interactions have been postulated for parietal cortices in strokes that lead to a neglect syndrome.47 The behavioral impact of the modulation of interhemispheric competition has been demonstrated in normal subjects. For ex ...
... unaffected to the affected motor cortex.46 Similar shifts in interhemispheric interactions have been postulated for parietal cortices in strokes that lead to a neglect syndrome.47 The behavioral impact of the modulation of interhemispheric competition has been demonstrated in normal subjects. For ex ...
Operative record sheet for Decompressive Laminectomy Date of
... flexion to prevent axillary nerve injury, foam padding on chest and ASIS with gel pads on knees under adequate anesthesia on radiolucent Wilson spinal frame. Made skin incision direct posterior approach to spine overlying the spinous processes of entile vertebra between paraspinal muscles. Dissected ...
... flexion to prevent axillary nerve injury, foam padding on chest and ASIS with gel pads on knees under adequate anesthesia on radiolucent Wilson spinal frame. Made skin incision direct posterior approach to spine overlying the spinous processes of entile vertebra between paraspinal muscles. Dissected ...
A direct quantitative relationship between the functional properties of
... measured using fMRI remains elusive. One innovative recent experiment showed that an opponent motion stimulus elicits similar aggregate multi-neuron responses in macaque V5 and BOLD contrast responses in human V5 (ref. 13). However, this comparison was qualitative rather than quantitative, and focus ...
... measured using fMRI remains elusive. One innovative recent experiment showed that an opponent motion stimulus elicits similar aggregate multi-neuron responses in macaque V5 and BOLD contrast responses in human V5 (ref. 13). However, this comparison was qualitative rather than quantitative, and focus ...
neuropharmacology of spasticity
... No reflex activity in response to muscle stretch in a relaxed normal person Mediated via 1a afferents from muscle spindle Length dependent – Reflex inversely related to muscle length ...
... No reflex activity in response to muscle stretch in a relaxed normal person Mediated via 1a afferents from muscle spindle Length dependent – Reflex inversely related to muscle length ...
Copy of the full paper
... inhibitory synapses within the network, and modifies IA (the transient outward K current) and IH (ref. 44) in several network neurons. In the classic work on the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, changes in both neuronal excitability and synaptic strength are produced by serotonin and e ...
... inhibitory synapses within the network, and modifies IA (the transient outward K current) and IH (ref. 44) in several network neurons. In the classic work on the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, changes in both neuronal excitability and synaptic strength are produced by serotonin and e ...
Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulator Activity in
... (Bradley and Sweazey, 1992). In our initial study we used sharp electrodes to record from the rNST neurons, but even with the very stable recording conditions provided by a brain slice it proved difficult to obtain and hold neurons (Bradley and Sweazey, 1990). These problems were overcome by using t ...
... (Bradley and Sweazey, 1992). In our initial study we used sharp electrodes to record from the rNST neurons, but even with the very stable recording conditions provided by a brain slice it proved difficult to obtain and hold neurons (Bradley and Sweazey, 1990). These problems were overcome by using t ...
Muscle - Midlands State University
... Physiology The three types of muscle have significant differences, but all use the movement of actin against myosin to produce contraction and relaxation. In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves, the sensory nerves and motoneurons in particular ...
... Physiology The three types of muscle have significant differences, but all use the movement of actin against myosin to produce contraction and relaxation. In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves, the sensory nerves and motoneurons in particular ...
1 Paparella: Volume III: Head and Neck Section 2: Disorders of the
... After leaving the skull, the vagus nerve lies in the carotid sheath between the internal jugular vein behind and the internal carotid artery in front, but as the vagus nerve descends vertically through the neck, its relationship to the great vessels changes and gradually it comes to lie behind and ...
... After leaving the skull, the vagus nerve lies in the carotid sheath between the internal jugular vein behind and the internal carotid artery in front, but as the vagus nerve descends vertically through the neck, its relationship to the great vessels changes and gradually it comes to lie behind and ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.