Ascending Sensory Pathways
... vary according to their morphology, the velocity of conduction, and the modality to which they respond, as well as to their location in the body, they generally all function in a similar fashion. The stimulus to which a specific receptor responds causes an alteration in the ionic permeability of the ...
... vary according to their morphology, the velocity of conduction, and the modality to which they respond, as well as to their location in the body, they generally all function in a similar fashion. The stimulus to which a specific receptor responds causes an alteration in the ionic permeability of the ...
Sample
... A) Schwann cells B) phagocytes C) dendrocytes D) astrocytes E) microglia Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual LO: 2.2 APA: 1.2 36) The ________ are important for the process of myelination of nerve axon membranes in brain. A) oligodendrocytes B) microglia C) astrocytes D) neurocytes E) ...
... A) Schwann cells B) phagocytes C) dendrocytes D) astrocytes E) microglia Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual LO: 2.2 APA: 1.2 36) The ________ are important for the process of myelination of nerve axon membranes in brain. A) oligodendrocytes B) microglia C) astrocytes D) neurocytes E) ...
Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: plasticity and
... More recently, Sur and co-workers [2••] reported that these animals interpreted the activation of the rewired auditory cortex as visual sensation, indicating a functional relevance of the rewiring. There is also evidence for a cross-modal postnatal perceptual enhancement by prenatal sensory stimulat ...
... More recently, Sur and co-workers [2••] reported that these animals interpreted the activation of the rewired auditory cortex as visual sensation, indicating a functional relevance of the rewiring. There is also evidence for a cross-modal postnatal perceptual enhancement by prenatal sensory stimulat ...
The Thalamus
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
Extended Liquid Computing in Networks of Spiking Neurons
... The idea of using biologically-based neural networks to perform computation has been widely used over the last decades. The main idea being that the information a neuron can integrate and process can be revealed by its spiking activity. Using a mathematical model descrbing the dynamics of a single n ...
... The idea of using biologically-based neural networks to perform computation has been widely used over the last decades. The main idea being that the information a neuron can integrate and process can be revealed by its spiking activity. Using a mathematical model descrbing the dynamics of a single n ...
Chapter 2: Communication Within the Nervous System
... It is not enough to draw students in with lively writing or by piquing their interest with case studies and telling an occasional story along the way; unless they feel they’re learning something significant, they won’t stay—they’ll look for excitement in more traditional places. As I wrote, I rememb ...
... It is not enough to draw students in with lively writing or by piquing their interest with case studies and telling an occasional story along the way; unless they feel they’re learning something significant, they won’t stay—they’ll look for excitement in more traditional places. As I wrote, I rememb ...
Lecture notes Neural Computation
... The brain is a complex computing machine which is evolving to give the “fittest” output to a given input. Neural computation has as goal to describe the function of the nervous system in mathematical terms. By analysing or simulating the resulting equations, one can better understand its function, r ...
... The brain is a complex computing machine which is evolving to give the “fittest” output to a given input. Neural computation has as goal to describe the function of the nervous system in mathematical terms. By analysing or simulating the resulting equations, one can better understand its function, r ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... quick altitude drops and directional changes. Such agile flight is unmatched by gliding mammals and existing aircraft technologies. Bat wings have evolved not only for flight, like avian wings, but also for object manipulation, such as pup handling and capturing insects. This range of functions is p ...
... quick altitude drops and directional changes. Such agile flight is unmatched by gliding mammals and existing aircraft technologies. Bat wings have evolved not only for flight, like avian wings, but also for object manipulation, such as pup handling and capturing insects. This range of functions is p ...
Caudal Medulla
... – become larger at more rostral levels, – receive input from a variety of areas – project primarily to the cerebellum. ...
... – become larger at more rostral levels, – receive input from a variety of areas – project primarily to the cerebellum. ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... brain structures as if you were looking from the outside. B: illustration of a hemisected brain (a brain that has been cut in half) with labeled structures. Both illustrations are labeled in correspondence to the structures listed in Table 1. ...
... brain structures as if you were looking from the outside. B: illustration of a hemisected brain (a brain that has been cut in half) with labeled structures. Both illustrations are labeled in correspondence to the structures listed in Table 1. ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... brain structures as if you were looking from the outside. B: illustration of a hemisected brain (a brain that has been cut in half) with labeled structures. Both illustrations are labeled in correspondence to the structures listed in Table 1. ...
... brain structures as if you were looking from the outside. B: illustration of a hemisected brain (a brain that has been cut in half) with labeled structures. Both illustrations are labeled in correspondence to the structures listed in Table 1. ...
The Human Mirror Neuron System and Embodied
... the arm). They hypothesized that if the human premotor cortex is sensitive to observation of that action, then the primary motor cortex, only a synapse away, should also be excited, even if the excitation is subthreshold. Thus, TMS was used as a probe of motor cortex excitability. As predicted, MEPs ...
... the arm). They hypothesized that if the human premotor cortex is sensitive to observation of that action, then the primary motor cortex, only a synapse away, should also be excited, even if the excitation is subthreshold. Thus, TMS was used as a probe of motor cortex excitability. As predicted, MEPs ...
Lecture 14 - ANS
... postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division (instead of NE) • Important because ACh causes dilation of these blood vessels, whereas NE causes constriction of the blood vessels in the abdominopelvic cavity • Thus widespead sympathetic activation leads to a redistribution of blood away from skin ...
... postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division (instead of NE) • Important because ACh causes dilation of these blood vessels, whereas NE causes constriction of the blood vessels in the abdominopelvic cavity • Thus widespead sympathetic activation leads to a redistribution of blood away from skin ...
Lecture 14 - ANS
... • Autonomic tone refers to constant activity of the cells of the ANS • An important aspect of ANS function because: – If a nerve is inactive under normal conditions, it can only increase its activity – However, if nerve maintains a constant background level of activity, then it can either increase o ...
... • Autonomic tone refers to constant activity of the cells of the ANS • An important aspect of ANS function because: – If a nerve is inactive under normal conditions, it can only increase its activity – However, if nerve maintains a constant background level of activity, then it can either increase o ...
19. Senses General and Special
... visceral sensory neurons conduct nerve impulses through the same ascending tracts within the spinal cord (figure 19.3). As a result, impulses conducted along ascending pathways may be localized incorrectly. Consequently, the sensory cortex in the brain is unable to differentiate between the actual a ...
... visceral sensory neurons conduct nerve impulses through the same ascending tracts within the spinal cord (figure 19.3). As a result, impulses conducted along ascending pathways may be localized incorrectly. Consequently, the sensory cortex in the brain is unable to differentiate between the actual a ...
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception SW
... Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 281, 12011211. ...
... Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 281, 12011211. ...
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
... Figure 2 Multiple sodium channels and currents in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons. Sodium channel a-subunit mRNAs (left panels) and protein (right panels) visualized by subtype-specific riboprobes and antibodies, respectively. Transcripts and protein for five different sodium channels (Nav1.1, Na ...
... Figure 2 Multiple sodium channels and currents in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons. Sodium channel a-subunit mRNAs (left panels) and protein (right panels) visualized by subtype-specific riboprobes and antibodies, respectively. Transcripts and protein for five different sodium channels (Nav1.1, Na ...
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: Therapeutic Targets
... Figure 2 Multiple sodium channels and currents in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons. Sodium channel a-subunit mRNAs (left panels) and protein (right panels) visualized by subtype-specific riboprobes and antibodies, respectively. Transcripts and protein for five different sodium channels (Nav1.1, Na ...
... Figure 2 Multiple sodium channels and currents in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons. Sodium channel a-subunit mRNAs (left panels) and protein (right panels) visualized by subtype-specific riboprobes and antibodies, respectively. Transcripts and protein for five different sodium channels (Nav1.1, Na ...
How and Why Brains Create Meaning from Sensory Information
... Semantics is the essence of human communication. It concerns the manufacture and use of symbols as representations to exchange meanings. Information technology is faced with the problem of using intelligent machines as intermediaries for interpersonal communication. The problem of designing such sem ...
... Semantics is the essence of human communication. It concerns the manufacture and use of symbols as representations to exchange meanings. Information technology is faced with the problem of using intelligent machines as intermediaries for interpersonal communication. The problem of designing such sem ...
Cerebellum
... the cerebral cortex. More refined studies have showed that mossy fiber input from circumscribed peripheral sites diverges to influence several discrete patches of granule cells, each of which ...
... the cerebral cortex. More refined studies have showed that mossy fiber input from circumscribed peripheral sites diverges to influence several discrete patches of granule cells, each of which ...
Thoracic Spine CT
... Presents with new signs or symptoms (e.g., laboratory and/or imaging findings) of new tumor or change in tumor. Presents with radiculopathy, muscle weakness, abnormal reflexes, and/or sensory changes along a particular dermatome (nerve distribution). With an abnormal electromyography (EMG) or ...
... Presents with new signs or symptoms (e.g., laboratory and/or imaging findings) of new tumor or change in tumor. Presents with radiculopathy, muscle weakness, abnormal reflexes, and/or sensory changes along a particular dermatome (nerve distribution). With an abnormal electromyography (EMG) or ...
Sensory uncertainty decoded from visual cortex
... fMRI activation patterns. We addressed this question using a modelbased decoding approach to analyzing fMRI data (Online Methods). Specifically, using a generative model incorporating the orientation preferences of voxels as well as their (correlated) noise, we approximated on each trial the posteri ...
... fMRI activation patterns. We addressed this question using a modelbased decoding approach to analyzing fMRI data (Online Methods). Specifically, using a generative model incorporating the orientation preferences of voxels as well as their (correlated) noise, we approximated on each trial the posteri ...
Neurosurgery: Functional Regeneration after Laser Axotomy
... The worms were maintained on standard NGM agar plates at 20oC. Axotomy is performed on L4 stage worms. For axotomy and following fluorescence imaging of axons, the worms were anesthetized for short periods (15 minutes) on agarose pads with 5 µl phenoxypropanol per 1ml agarose. Sham operated worms we ...
... The worms were maintained on standard NGM agar plates at 20oC. Axotomy is performed on L4 stage worms. For axotomy and following fluorescence imaging of axons, the worms were anesthetized for short periods (15 minutes) on agarose pads with 5 µl phenoxypropanol per 1ml agarose. Sham operated worms we ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.