binding, internalization, and retrograde transport of `251
... x 5,000, nine or more areas of sections where there was no tissue. Background levels, grains per pm2, were constant over each individual grid; these values were used where necessary to correct for background in determining real grain counts. From each grid, one or two grid squares were analyzed. In ...
... x 5,000, nine or more areas of sections where there was no tissue. Background levels, grains per pm2, were constant over each individual grid; these values were used where necessary to correct for background in determining real grain counts. From each grid, one or two grid squares were analyzed. In ...
Lin J, 2013 - Tsien lab Website - University of California San Diego
... We used ReaChR expressed in the vibrissa motor cortex to drive spiking and vibrissa motion in awake mice when excited with red light through intact skull. Precise vibrissa movements were evoked by expressing ReaChR in the facial motor nucleus in the brainstem and illumination with red light through ...
... We used ReaChR expressed in the vibrissa motor cortex to drive spiking and vibrissa motion in awake mice when excited with red light through intact skull. Precise vibrissa movements were evoked by expressing ReaChR in the facial motor nucleus in the brainstem and illumination with red light through ...
Poulet etal - Cornell University
... during the chirp or chirp interval. Whole nerve recordings of the tympanic nerve in the foreleg of the cricket revealed a similar result: bursts of activity were recorded in response to the crickets own song (Fig. 1d), and the response to externally generated acoustic stimuli presented were not modu ...
... during the chirp or chirp interval. Whole nerve recordings of the tympanic nerve in the foreleg of the cricket revealed a similar result: bursts of activity were recorded in response to the crickets own song (Fig. 1d), and the response to externally generated acoustic stimuli presented were not modu ...
Module 4 SG - HallquistCPHS.com
... dendrite ~ cell body ~ synapse ~ axon ~ cell body ~ synapse ~ axon ~ dendrite ~ cell body ~ cell body ~ axon ~ synapse ...
... dendrite ~ cell body ~ synapse ~ axon ~ cell body ~ synapse ~ axon ~ dendrite ~ cell body ~ cell body ~ axon ~ synapse ...
INFORMATION PROCESSING WITH POPULATION CODES
... In EQN 2, si is the direction (the preferred direction) that triggers the strongest response from the cell, σ is the width of the tuning curve, s – si is the angular difference (so if s = 359° and si = 2°, then s – si = 3°), and k is a scaling factor. In this case, all the cells in the population sh ...
... In EQN 2, si is the direction (the preferred direction) that triggers the strongest response from the cell, σ is the width of the tuning curve, s – si is the angular difference (so if s = 359° and si = 2°, then s – si = 3°), and k is a scaling factor. In this case, all the cells in the population sh ...
No Direct Projection is Observed from the Substantia Nigra to the
... injection of the retrograde tracer fluoro-gold (FG) into the DVC, FG-labeled neurons were observed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), lateral hypothalamus (LH), inferior olive (IO), and locus coeruleus (LC). No FG-positive cells were observed in the SN or striatum. Furthermore, after ...
... injection of the retrograde tracer fluoro-gold (FG) into the DVC, FG-labeled neurons were observed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), lateral hypothalamus (LH), inferior olive (IO), and locus coeruleus (LC). No FG-positive cells were observed in the SN or striatum. Furthermore, after ...
ENT – Second Long Exam (2010-2011) Which of the following is the
... olfactory tract to the tertiary olfactory center in the cortex d. olfactory mucosa contains between 100-200 million bipolar sensory cells in just a few centimeters 5. The most important mechanical defense of the nasal mucosa is the mucocilliary apparatus. The following statement best describes its p ...
... olfactory tract to the tertiary olfactory center in the cortex d. olfactory mucosa contains between 100-200 million bipolar sensory cells in just a few centimeters 5. The most important mechanical defense of the nasal mucosa is the mucocilliary apparatus. The following statement best describes its p ...
Sensory signals during active versus passive movement
... test passive rather than active sensation. Recent results from several laboratories have, however, yielded major insights into our understanding of how sensory signals are processed during movement. In this review, I consider recent advances in this field, focusing on experiments in the vestibular s ...
... test passive rather than active sensation. Recent results from several laboratories have, however, yielded major insights into our understanding of how sensory signals are processed during movement. In this review, I consider recent advances in this field, focusing on experiments in the vestibular s ...
Nerve growth factor receptors in dementia - Tubitak Journals
... and repair functions (6,7). Exogenously supplied NGF was demonstrated to prevent neuronal loss after axotomy when supplied at the site of injury (8). Furthermore, it was reported that reduction in NGF availability leads to a conditioning lesion-like effect on sympathetic neurons. Results of that stu ...
... and repair functions (6,7). Exogenously supplied NGF was demonstrated to prevent neuronal loss after axotomy when supplied at the site of injury (8). Furthermore, it was reported that reduction in NGF availability leads to a conditioning lesion-like effect on sympathetic neurons. Results of that stu ...
anatomyofneuroforame..
... a gradual decrease in the angle of inclination through the L1-2 through L5-S1 levels. This finding was later disputed by Cohen et al (23) who noted no change in the angle of inclination from the exiting nerve roots in the L1 through L5 nerve roots, but did note a significant drop-off in the angle of ...
... a gradual decrease in the angle of inclination through the L1-2 through L5-S1 levels. This finding was later disputed by Cohen et al (23) who noted no change in the angle of inclination from the exiting nerve roots in the L1 through L5 nerve roots, but did note a significant drop-off in the angle of ...
spiking neuron models - Assets - Cambridge
... connected to each other in an intricate pattern. A tiny portion of such a network of neurons is sketched in Fig. 1.1 which shows a drawing by Ramón y Cajal, one of the pioneers of neuroscience around 1900. We can distinguish several neurons with triangular or circular cell bodies and long wire-like ...
... connected to each other in an intricate pattern. A tiny portion of such a network of neurons is sketched in Fig. 1.1 which shows a drawing by Ramón y Cajal, one of the pioneers of neuroscience around 1900. We can distinguish several neurons with triangular or circular cell bodies and long wire-like ...
Visuomotor neurons: ambiguity of the discharge or `motor` perception?
... gaze deviated 308 to the left. In B1 and B2 conditions the visual stimulus is moved outside the receptive field and no responses are recorded from the neuron, also when the gaze is deviated towards the stimulus ŽB2.. This last condition is the critical one that allows to determine whether F4 visual ...
... gaze deviated 308 to the left. In B1 and B2 conditions the visual stimulus is moved outside the receptive field and no responses are recorded from the neuron, also when the gaze is deviated towards the stimulus ŽB2.. This last condition is the critical one that allows to determine whether F4 visual ...
The Science Behind Balance Training
... unit is activated, or in other words the stimulus from the nervous system is great enough to cross its threshold, all of the muscle fibers associated with the motor unit will be called into action. This is known as the “all-or-none” principle of muscle contraction. Mistakenly, many people believe th ...
... unit is activated, or in other words the stimulus from the nervous system is great enough to cross its threshold, all of the muscle fibers associated with the motor unit will be called into action. This is known as the “all-or-none” principle of muscle contraction. Mistakenly, many people believe th ...
Review Energy limitation as a selective pressure on the evolution of
... movements of ions across the neuronal cell membrane through ion channels, though other processes such as vesicle loading and transmitter recycling also consume energy. Many of the energetic costs within neurons are linked to 3Na+/2K+ ATPase activity, which consumes energy to pump Na+ and K+ ions acr ...
... movements of ions across the neuronal cell membrane through ion channels, though other processes such as vesicle loading and transmitter recycling also consume energy. Many of the energetic costs within neurons are linked to 3Na+/2K+ ATPase activity, which consumes energy to pump Na+ and K+ ions acr ...
Basal ganglia discharge abnormalities in Parkinson`s disease
... the monkey pallidum (Heimer et al., 2002) and in the human STN (Levy et al., 2002). However, the mechanisms by which dopamine exerts these effects remain unclear. It has been proposed that dopamine loss in the striatum may trigger enhanced electrotonic coupling between neighboring striatal cells (se ...
... the monkey pallidum (Heimer et al., 2002) and in the human STN (Levy et al., 2002). However, the mechanisms by which dopamine exerts these effects remain unclear. It has been proposed that dopamine loss in the striatum may trigger enhanced electrotonic coupling between neighboring striatal cells (se ...
NAlab07_AuditVest
... The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle an ...
... The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle an ...
Auditory and Vestibular Systems Objective • To learn the functional
... The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle an ...
... The first order neurons of the vestibular system are bipolar cells whose cell bodies are located in the vestibular ganglion in the internal ear (NTA Fig. 7-3). The distal processes of these cells contact the receptor hair cells located within the ampulae of the semicircular canals and the utricle an ...
neurology_lec11_24_4_2011
... of this tract is at the end level of medulla (junction between medulla and spinal cord) Due to this decussation the left cortex control functions of the right side of our body and vice versa 3. Postrolateral to the pyramids we find the olives, cross section in the olive shows that it contains the in ...
... of this tract is at the end level of medulla (junction between medulla and spinal cord) Due to this decussation the left cortex control functions of the right side of our body and vice versa 3. Postrolateral to the pyramids we find the olives, cross section in the olive shows that it contains the in ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... a swim-eliciting stimulus (Lennard et al., 1980). Prior work (Getting and Dekin, 1985) concluded that this depolarization has an important role in initiating the swim motor program. Using a dye filled electrode, we searched for the missing ramp interneurons among the axons in the central commissure. ...
... a swim-eliciting stimulus (Lennard et al., 1980). Prior work (Getting and Dekin, 1985) concluded that this depolarization has an important role in initiating the swim motor program. Using a dye filled electrode, we searched for the missing ramp interneurons among the axons in the central commissure. ...
UNC-55, an Orphan Nuclear Hormone Receptor, Orchestrates
... upstream promoter transcription factors (COUP-TFs) and the Drosophila seven-up receptors (SVPs) (Fig. 4). The COUP-TFs include the human and mouse apolipoprotein AI regulatory proteins (ARP-1), which are also known as COUP-TF II (Ladias and ...
... upstream promoter transcription factors (COUP-TFs) and the Drosophila seven-up receptors (SVPs) (Fig. 4). The COUP-TFs include the human and mouse apolipoprotein AI regulatory proteins (ARP-1), which are also known as COUP-TF II (Ladias and ...
PDF
... labeled afferent fibers. Injections placed into the intraganglionic spiral bundle at the peripheral edge of the spiral ganglion also labeled efferent fibers (Brown et al., '88). Animals were injected unilaterally, except for one gerbil in which injections were bilateral. The injections in both mice ...
... labeled afferent fibers. Injections placed into the intraganglionic spiral bundle at the peripheral edge of the spiral ganglion also labeled efferent fibers (Brown et al., '88). Animals were injected unilaterally, except for one gerbil in which injections were bilateral. The injections in both mice ...
Spiking Neurons - Computing Science and Mathematics
... recorded from and the stimulus . In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This definition of rate has been successfully used in many preparations , parti ...
... recorded from and the stimulus . In practice, to get sensible averages, several spikes should occur within the time window . Values of T = 100ms or T = 500 ms are typical , but the duration may also be longer or shorter. This definition of rate has been successfully used in many preparations , parti ...
Nervous System - El Camino College
... A. Sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor fu ...
... A. Sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor fu ...
The Autonomic Nervous System
... effects of parasympathetic stimulation. • 2. Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation? • 3. Which autonomic division is dominant in normal body functions such as digestion? • 4. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes norepinephrine and ACh while t ...
... effects of parasympathetic stimulation. • 2. Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation? • 3. Which autonomic division is dominant in normal body functions such as digestion? • 4. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes norepinephrine and ACh while t ...
JEJUNUM AND ILEUM Jejunum begins at the duodenojejunal flexure
... o Sympathetics to jejunum and ileum come from T8-T10 segments of the spinal cord and reach superior mesenteric nerve plexus through the sympathetic trunks and thoracic abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, and least) splanchnic nerves Presynaptics synapse in celiac and superior mesenteric (prevertebral ...
... o Sympathetics to jejunum and ileum come from T8-T10 segments of the spinal cord and reach superior mesenteric nerve plexus through the sympathetic trunks and thoracic abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, and least) splanchnic nerves Presynaptics synapse in celiac and superior mesenteric (prevertebral ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.