The Autonomic Nervous System
... effects of parasympathetic stimulation. • 2. Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation? • 3. Which autonomic division is dominant in normal body functions such as digestion? • 4. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes norepinephrine and ACh while t ...
... effects of parasympathetic stimulation. • 2. Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation? • 3. Which autonomic division is dominant in normal body functions such as digestion? • 4. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system utilizes norepinephrine and ACh while t ...
The Integrated Nature of Motor Cortical Function
... elbow, and shoulder regions. This shows that intrinsic connections exist between the representations of distal hand and more proximal muscles. Within this massive pattern of intrinsic connections, physiologically identified motor cortical points controlling antagonistic muscles are also linked by in ...
... elbow, and shoulder regions. This shows that intrinsic connections exist between the representations of distal hand and more proximal muscles. Within this massive pattern of intrinsic connections, physiologically identified motor cortical points controlling antagonistic muscles are also linked by in ...
Laryngeal nerve “anastomoses”
... specimens were studied. Three different types of communications were observed between internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves viz. (1) Galen’s anastomosis (81%): in 13%, it was observed to supply the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle; (2) thyroarytenoid communication (9%): this was observed to supply ...
... specimens were studied. Three different types of communications were observed between internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves viz. (1) Galen’s anastomosis (81%): in 13%, it was observed to supply the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle; (2) thyroarytenoid communication (9%): this was observed to supply ...
stretch reflex 2
... Significance GTR: a)Physiological significance: • It is a protective reaction which prevent tearing of the ms or avulsion of its tendon from its bony attachment when the ms is overstretched. b)Clinical significance: (clasp knife effect) • It is demonstrated clinically by passive flexion of a spasti ...
... Significance GTR: a)Physiological significance: • It is a protective reaction which prevent tearing of the ms or avulsion of its tendon from its bony attachment when the ms is overstretched. b)Clinical significance: (clasp knife effect) • It is demonstrated clinically by passive flexion of a spasti ...
![A22254 Touch [version 2.0 ].](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/015818027_1-1fa81e941fb4f1ccea189d2b012bbb09-300x300.png)
A22254 Touch [version 2.0 ].
... information provided from the hands, feet or lips. • Responses of neurons in the second somatic sensory (S-II) cortex — located on the upper bank of the lateral fissure — are modulated not only by touch information from mechanoreceptors in the skin, but also by the context, subjective attention, beh ...
... information provided from the hands, feet or lips. • Responses of neurons in the second somatic sensory (S-II) cortex — located on the upper bank of the lateral fissure — are modulated not only by touch information from mechanoreceptors in the skin, but also by the context, subjective attention, beh ...
CHARLES UNIVERSITY
... ischemia caused by activation of nNOS and involved in neuronal damage but NO produced by eNOS in the same case play a protective role by maintaining regional cerebral blood flow. It is also related in numerous disorders of CNS and in the etiology of neurological conditions, including autoimmune and ...
... ischemia caused by activation of nNOS and involved in neuronal damage but NO produced by eNOS in the same case play a protective role by maintaining regional cerebral blood flow. It is also related in numerous disorders of CNS and in the etiology of neurological conditions, including autoimmune and ...
Nervous System Chapter 8 ppt copy
... When opioids, heroin and other prescription pain relievers are abused your brain stops producing these neurotransmitters. And here’s why: Opiates release 2 to 10 times the amount of dopamine that natural rewards do. What do you do if the volume is too loud? You turn it down, right? Well our brain do ...
... When opioids, heroin and other prescription pain relievers are abused your brain stops producing these neurotransmitters. And here’s why: Opiates release 2 to 10 times the amount of dopamine that natural rewards do. What do you do if the volume is too loud? You turn it down, right? Well our brain do ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
Optimal Sizes of Dendritic and Axonal Arbors
... favors narrow axonal arbors and wide dendritic arbors. Alternatively, this rule may be formulated in tenns of neuronal densities in the two layers: Sparser layer has wider arbors. In the above example, divergence/convergence (and neuronal density) ratio is 116 and, according to the rule, type I arra ...
... favors narrow axonal arbors and wide dendritic arbors. Alternatively, this rule may be formulated in tenns of neuronal densities in the two layers: Sparser layer has wider arbors. In the above example, divergence/convergence (and neuronal density) ratio is 116 and, according to the rule, type I arra ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... to the skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down digestion. ...
... to the skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down digestion. ...
1 The Brain and Behavior
... Before the invention of the compound microscope in the eighteenth century, nervous tissue was thought to function like a gland—an idea that goes back to the Greek physician Galen, who proposed that nerves convey fluid secreted by the brain and spinal cord to the body's periphery. The microscope reve ...
... Before the invention of the compound microscope in the eighteenth century, nervous tissue was thought to function like a gland—an idea that goes back to the Greek physician Galen, who proposed that nerves convey fluid secreted by the brain and spinal cord to the body's periphery. The microscope reve ...
SCIENCE 101: Cranial Nerve I: The Olfactory Nerve
... In the olfactory bulb the olfactory receptor neurons will synapse onto the dendrites of mitral cells, these pyramid shaped things whose axons make up the olfactory tract (isn't it SO COOL to look at that photo above of the sheep brain and realize that whole piece of tissue coming from the olfactory ...
... In the olfactory bulb the olfactory receptor neurons will synapse onto the dendrites of mitral cells, these pyramid shaped things whose axons make up the olfactory tract (isn't it SO COOL to look at that photo above of the sheep brain and realize that whole piece of tissue coming from the olfactory ...
Cerebellum
... one climbing fiber. Because each climbing fiber forms so many synapses with a Purkinje cell, the total excitatory action is strong. Even a single action potential in a climbing fiber elicits a burst of action potentials in the Purkinje cells it contacts (complex spike). The mossy fibers are presumab ...
... one climbing fiber. Because each climbing fiber forms so many synapses with a Purkinje cell, the total excitatory action is strong. Even a single action potential in a climbing fiber elicits a burst of action potentials in the Purkinje cells it contacts (complex spike). The mossy fibers are presumab ...
Taste Physiology - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... receptor activation: bitter substances reduce cAMP (via G protein*) and increase IP3 and DAG. *novel G protein (α-gusducin) has been cloned - it activates phosphodiesterase, but exact role remains unsettled. all four modalities can be sensed on pharynx and epiglottis. additional taste modality ...
... receptor activation: bitter substances reduce cAMP (via G protein*) and increase IP3 and DAG. *novel G protein (α-gusducin) has been cloned - it activates phosphodiesterase, but exact role remains unsettled. all four modalities can be sensed on pharynx and epiglottis. additional taste modality ...
The thalamus as a monitor of motor outputs
... is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordinates, like centre-surround properties, will be studied. If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is concerned with the control of head and eye movements, then one is likely to be interested in a different set of prope ...
... is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordinates, like centre-surround properties, will be studied. If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is concerned with the control of head and eye movements, then one is likely to be interested in a different set of prope ...
The Nervous System Introduction Organization of Neural Tissue
... • Fissures – deep grooves, separate larger regions of the brain – May look random, but are actually fairly consistent between people • Important landmarks ...
... • Fissures – deep grooves, separate larger regions of the brain – May look random, but are actually fairly consistent between people • Important landmarks ...
cortex
... Rolando, posteriorly, and the lateral, or Svlvian fissure. ventrally. The precentral sulcus lies roughly parallel with the central sulcus, in a rostral position, and typically enables an unambiguous identification of the precentral gyrus (area 4) where motor representation, for the contralateral bod ...
... Rolando, posteriorly, and the lateral, or Svlvian fissure. ventrally. The precentral sulcus lies roughly parallel with the central sulcus, in a rostral position, and typically enables an unambiguous identification of the precentral gyrus (area 4) where motor representation, for the contralateral bod ...
Fluorescence Recordings of Electrical Activity in Goldfish Optic
... by adding a fraction of the resting fluorescence signal to the recording with a gated summing circuit. We optimized our recording system for detection of small fluorescence changes from the slices in 2 ways. First, for most of the experiments, the aperture of the luminous field diaphragm on the micr ...
... by adding a fraction of the resting fluorescence signal to the recording with a gated summing circuit. We optimized our recording system for detection of small fluorescence changes from the slices in 2 ways. First, for most of the experiments, the aperture of the luminous field diaphragm on the micr ...
Neurological Anatomy and Physiology
... It is imperative that nurses caring for patients with brain or nervous system disorders understand the pathophysiology of the disorder or disease. The first step in this process is developing an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of this system. The anatomy and physiology of the human brain ...
... It is imperative that nurses caring for patients with brain or nervous system disorders understand the pathophysiology of the disorder or disease. The first step in this process is developing an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of this system. The anatomy and physiology of the human brain ...
CNS (Ch12)
... • RAS (reticular activating system) – Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert – Filters out repetitive and weak stimuli ...
... • RAS (reticular activating system) – Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert – Filters out repetitive and weak stimuli ...
Pain bare
... • Internuncial neurons may modify activity of pain circuits • Activated by large diameter (tactile) axons ...
... • Internuncial neurons may modify activity of pain circuits • Activated by large diameter (tactile) axons ...
Learning Strengthens the Response of Primary Visual Cortex to
... that span both stimuli, spatial blurring of the hemodynamic response, noise in the localizer scan, or eye movements during scanning. For example, subjects may have occasionally fixated the middle location, thus moving it to the central location. The reduction in secondary response with learning was ...
... that span both stimuli, spatial blurring of the hemodynamic response, noise in the localizer scan, or eye movements during scanning. For example, subjects may have occasionally fixated the middle location, thus moving it to the central location. The reduction in secondary response with learning was ...
Chapter 11 PowerPoint Slides PDF - CM
... membranes of neuroglial cells; wrap themselves around axon forming multiple layers of membrane (myelin) Electric current – generated by movement of ions in body fluids Lipid content of myelin sheath insulates axon (prevents ion ...
... membranes of neuroglial cells; wrap themselves around axon forming multiple layers of membrane (myelin) Electric current – generated by movement of ions in body fluids Lipid content of myelin sheath insulates axon (prevents ion ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.