Overview - Sinauer Associates
... elements. Such communication is made possible by synapses, the functional contacts between neurons. Two different types of synapses—electrical and chemical—can be distinguished on the basis of their mechanism of transmission. At electrical synapses, current flows through gap junctions, which are spe ...
... elements. Such communication is made possible by synapses, the functional contacts between neurons. Two different types of synapses—electrical and chemical—can be distinguished on the basis of their mechanism of transmission. At electrical synapses, current flows through gap junctions, which are spe ...
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL INJECTION, USP
... chronic pain in such conditions as inoperable cancer and trigeminal neuralgia (ticdouloureux), in patients for whom neurosurgical procedures are contraindicated. Relief of trigeminal neuralgia usually is only temporary. Other conditions for which injection of alcohol has been reported include glosso ...
... chronic pain in such conditions as inoperable cancer and trigeminal neuralgia (ticdouloureux), in patients for whom neurosurgical procedures are contraindicated. Relief of trigeminal neuralgia usually is only temporary. Other conditions for which injection of alcohol has been reported include glosso ...
cur op e-print version
... from the electrode tip [12], and a rigidly periodic cadence of activity is imposed on the stimulated cells. As Shizgal and Conover have argued [13**], such stimulation is unlikely to simulate a naturalistic signal in a system, such as the auditory nerve, that employs a spatiotemporal code to represe ...
... from the electrode tip [12], and a rigidly periodic cadence of activity is imposed on the stimulated cells. As Shizgal and Conover have argued [13**], such stimulation is unlikely to simulate a naturalistic signal in a system, such as the auditory nerve, that employs a spatiotemporal code to represe ...
section4
... Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and pH Influence Ventilation (through peripheral receptor) • Peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to PO2, PCO2 and pH • Receptors are activated by increase in PCO2 or decrease in PO2 and pH • Send APs through sensory neurons to the brain • Sensory info is integrated within the ...
... Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and pH Influence Ventilation (through peripheral receptor) • Peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to PO2, PCO2 and pH • Receptors are activated by increase in PCO2 or decrease in PO2 and pH • Send APs through sensory neurons to the brain • Sensory info is integrated within the ...
A Hebbian learning rule gives rise to mirror neurons and links them
... inputs. For example, the development of the mirror neuron system depends on sensorimotor experience (Catmur, 2012) and, the successful development of birdsong depends on intact HVC and LMAN activity during sensory exposure (Basham et al., 1996; Roberts et al., 2012). We have learned much about the i ...
... inputs. For example, the development of the mirror neuron system depends on sensorimotor experience (Catmur, 2012) and, the successful development of birdsong depends on intact HVC and LMAN activity during sensory exposure (Basham et al., 1996; Roberts et al., 2012). We have learned much about the i ...
Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Nervous System
... extremely high levels of only aFGF. These results were confirmed in Western-blot experiments, using antibodies specific for either aFGF or bFGF. Transection of nerves had opposing effects in sciatic and optic nerves: aFGF rapidly declined in the sciatic nerve distal to the cut, whereas bFGF increase ...
... extremely high levels of only aFGF. These results were confirmed in Western-blot experiments, using antibodies specific for either aFGF or bFGF. Transection of nerves had opposing effects in sciatic and optic nerves: aFGF rapidly declined in the sciatic nerve distal to the cut, whereas bFGF increase ...
1 1 THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Parcellation of the cerebral cortex
... Rolando, posteriorly, and the lateral, or Svlvian fissure. ventrally. The precentral sulcus lies roughly parallel with the central sulcus, in a rostral position, and typically enables an unambiguous identification of the precentral gyrus (area 4) where motor representation, for the contralateral bod ...
... Rolando, posteriorly, and the lateral, or Svlvian fissure. ventrally. The precentral sulcus lies roughly parallel with the central sulcus, in a rostral position, and typically enables an unambiguous identification of the precentral gyrus (area 4) where motor representation, for the contralateral bod ...
Natural Stimulation of the Nonclassical Receptive Field Increases
... Sejnowski, 1997; Olshausen and Field, 1997, 2000; Simoncelli and Olshausen, 2001). Field (1987) demonstrated that linear filters can produce a highly kurtotic, sparse output distribution in response to natural images. However, some nCRF functions might only be realizable with nonlinear mechanisms [e ...
... Sejnowski, 1997; Olshausen and Field, 1997, 2000; Simoncelli and Olshausen, 2001). Field (1987) demonstrated that linear filters can produce a highly kurtotic, sparse output distribution in response to natural images. However, some nCRF functions might only be realizable with nonlinear mechanisms [e ...
File
... 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Contains both autonomic and somatic components ...
... 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Contains both autonomic and somatic components ...
cortex
... Rolando, posteriorly, and the lateral, or Svlvian fissure. ventrally. The precentral sulcus lies roughly parallel with the central sulcus, in a rostral position, and typically enables an unambiguous identification of the precentral gyrus (area 4) where motor representation, for the contralateral bod ...
... Rolando, posteriorly, and the lateral, or Svlvian fissure. ventrally. The precentral sulcus lies roughly parallel with the central sulcus, in a rostral position, and typically enables an unambiguous identification of the precentral gyrus (area 4) where motor representation, for the contralateral bod ...
Taste
... intensity of taste is limited. • A 30% change in the intensity of the substance being tasted is necessary before an intensity difference can be detected. • The threshold for taste varies widely in different individuals. • It also depends on the substance tasted; the next table shows the taste thresh ...
... intensity of taste is limited. • A 30% change in the intensity of the substance being tasted is necessary before an intensity difference can be detected. • The threshold for taste varies widely in different individuals. • It also depends on the substance tasted; the next table shows the taste thresh ...
Lower Gut Motility Disorders Procedure Profile
... which had become severe and incapacitating. She also complained of abdominal pain and cramping in her lower abdomen. The pain increased after eating and also included bloating. She was awakened in the middle of the night with flatus and diarrhea resulting in fecal incontinence several times a week. ...
... which had become severe and incapacitating. She also complained of abdominal pain and cramping in her lower abdomen. The pain increased after eating and also included bloating. She was awakened in the middle of the night with flatus and diarrhea resulting in fecal incontinence several times a week. ...
The Origin of Electromyograms - Explanations Based on the
... of MNs. In Fig. 12.1C (left panel), the threshold lines of MNs do not cross each other. In this case, The above relations can be represented in a the order of motoneuronal recruitment (S, FR, FF) simple graphical form (Figure 12A,B). The remains the same irrespective of the method of boundary condit ...
... of MNs. In Fig. 12.1C (left panel), the threshold lines of MNs do not cross each other. In this case, The above relations can be represented in a the order of motoneuronal recruitment (S, FR, FF) simple graphical form (Figure 12A,B). The remains the same irrespective of the method of boundary condit ...
embryonic development of the leech nervous system
... records from 48 neurons, respectively. Descriptions of embryonic touch-sensitive neurons are based on more than 20 dye-filled neurons and annulus erector (AE) motor neurons from 10 dye fills. Gangliogenesis. The nervous system follows an anterior-posterior progression of development, as does the res ...
... records from 48 neurons, respectively. Descriptions of embryonic touch-sensitive neurons are based on more than 20 dye-filled neurons and annulus erector (AE) motor neurons from 10 dye fills. Gangliogenesis. The nervous system follows an anterior-posterior progression of development, as does the res ...
Pupilllary Light Reflex Pathways
... some functional photoreceptors), and objective quantification of PLR is difficult in a clinical setting in animals. A unilateral retinal or prechiasmal optic nerve lesion will be characterized by lack of direct and consensual (to fellow eye) PLR, a positive swinging flashlight test (MarcusGunn pupil ...
... some functional photoreceptors), and objective quantification of PLR is difficult in a clinical setting in animals. A unilateral retinal or prechiasmal optic nerve lesion will be characterized by lack of direct and consensual (to fellow eye) PLR, a positive swinging flashlight test (MarcusGunn pupil ...
Central nervous System Lesions Leading to Disability
... thereby are able to control reflex activity as well as produce voluntary movement. The output of these supraspinal centers is influenced and ultimately integrated by the cerebellum and basal ganglia. Note that receptors in muscles sense the displacement of muscles and limbs and influence the output ...
... thereby are able to control reflex activity as well as produce voluntary movement. The output of these supraspinal centers is influenced and ultimately integrated by the cerebellum and basal ganglia. Note that receptors in muscles sense the displacement of muscles and limbs and influence the output ...
Insufficiency of digestion
... inositolthreephosphate (IP3) strengthens an output of endocellular Са++. Gastrin, cholecystokinin and histamine also raise output of Са++ due to action on IP3 . Parietal cell has a receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) which stimulation reduces a level cAMP and results in braking secretion of hydroc ...
... inositolthreephosphate (IP3) strengthens an output of endocellular Са++. Gastrin, cholecystokinin and histamine also raise output of Са++ due to action on IP3 . Parietal cell has a receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) which stimulation reduces a level cAMP and results in braking secretion of hydroc ...
48-nervous text - Everglades High School
... (b) Graded depolarizations produced by two stimuli that increase membrane permeability to Na+. The larger stimulus produces a Figure 48.12b larger depolarization. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... (b) Graded depolarizations produced by two stimuli that increase membrane permeability to Na+. The larger stimulus produces a Figure 48.12b larger depolarization. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
How Do Neurons Communicate?
... from the brain to the heart, while at the same time channeling the fluid in which the stimulated heart had been immersed to a second heart that was not electrically stimulated, as shown in Figure 5-2. The fluid traveled from one container to the other through a tube. Loewi recorded the rate of beati ...
... from the brain to the heart, while at the same time channeling the fluid in which the stimulated heart had been immersed to a second heart that was not electrically stimulated, as shown in Figure 5-2. The fluid traveled from one container to the other through a tube. Loewi recorded the rate of beati ...
The Nervous System - Napa Valley College
... processing. They are not part of the programmed “wiring” of the brain; therefore, the functions are subject to modification and adjustment over time. A.K.A — learning ...
... processing. They are not part of the programmed “wiring” of the brain; therefore, the functions are subject to modification and adjustment over time. A.K.A — learning ...
Axonal Localization of Integrins in the CNS Is Neuronal Type and
... blocks this growth through inactivation of integrins (Tan et al., 2011). Forced activation of integrins can allow axons to overcome this inhibition (Hu and Strittmatter, 2008; Tan et al. 2011). By increasing the pool of ␣9 integrin in DRG neurons using adeno-associated virus (AAV), a modest increase ...
... blocks this growth through inactivation of integrins (Tan et al., 2011). Forced activation of integrins can allow axons to overcome this inhibition (Hu and Strittmatter, 2008; Tan et al. 2011). By increasing the pool of ␣9 integrin in DRG neurons using adeno-associated virus (AAV), a modest increase ...
Activity-dependent editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections
... probability sites, resulting in a decreased quantal amplitude [22], followed by the loss of presynaptic terminal regions, continues until losing inputs permanently withdraw from junctions. Active inputs, on the other hand, emerge as winners in the competitive process, by maintaining a high quantal c ...
... probability sites, resulting in a decreased quantal amplitude [22], followed by the loss of presynaptic terminal regions, continues until losing inputs permanently withdraw from junctions. Active inputs, on the other hand, emerge as winners in the competitive process, by maintaining a high quantal c ...
MirrorBot Report 6
... visual cortex model. Right part of the figure shows the two cortical surfaces, displaying at the location of each neuron the pixel that is at the centre of its receptive field. This has to be related to figure 1.3. 1.2.2. Contrast detection Once the centres and sizes of cortical filters are defined ...
... visual cortex model. Right part of the figure shows the two cortical surfaces, displaying at the location of each neuron the pixel that is at the centre of its receptive field. This has to be related to figure 1.3. 1.2.2. Contrast detection Once the centres and sizes of cortical filters are defined ...
Viewpoint Synaptic Connectivity and Neuronal Morphology: Two
... This result shows that adding branching dendrites (design III) to the axons-only network (design II) reduces the scaling exponent, implying that, in the limit of large N, this reduces the network volume. Substitution of the axonal diameter, d ⫽ 0.3 m (Braitenberg and Schüz, 1998), and N ⫽ 105 into ...
... This result shows that adding branching dendrites (design III) to the axons-only network (design II) reduces the scaling exponent, implying that, in the limit of large N, this reduces the network volume. Substitution of the axonal diameter, d ⫽ 0.3 m (Braitenberg and Schüz, 1998), and N ⫽ 105 into ...
(X) rotin - University of Toronto
... normally, whereas 60% of Ptprs–/– mice died within 48 hours after birth. The surviving Ptprs–/– mice demonstrated stunted growth, developmental delays and severe neurological defects including spastic movements, tremor, ataxic gait, abnormal limb flexion and defective proprioception. Histopathology ...
... normally, whereas 60% of Ptprs–/– mice died within 48 hours after birth. The surviving Ptprs–/– mice demonstrated stunted growth, developmental delays and severe neurological defects including spastic movements, tremor, ataxic gait, abnormal limb flexion and defective proprioception. Histopathology ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.