Eagleman Ch 8. Attention and Consciousness
... The Biased-Competition Model of Attention Different stimuli are represented by activity within large populations of neurons. Multiple different populations compete to influence behavior and attention selects among these different populations. Both bottom-up and top-down factors influence which ...
... The Biased-Competition Model of Attention Different stimuli are represented by activity within large populations of neurons. Multiple different populations compete to influence behavior and attention selects among these different populations. Both bottom-up and top-down factors influence which ...
ch_12_lecture_presentation
... unmyelinated axons by a single Schwann cell. A series of Schwann cells is required to cover the axons along their entire length. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... unmyelinated axons by a single Schwann cell. A series of Schwann cells is required to cover the axons along their entire length. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Innervation of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles of the female rat
... software package, and the length of the minor axis of the best-fit ellipse was automatically determined for each profile. We used this length measurement as an estimator of myocyte “least diameter” (i.e., the shortest distance across the myocyte through its center). The least diameter is a preferred i ...
... software package, and the length of the minor axis of the best-fit ellipse was automatically determined for each profile. We used this length measurement as an estimator of myocyte “least diameter” (i.e., the shortest distance across the myocyte through its center). The least diameter is a preferred i ...
Chapt 12b
... motor nucleus Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal nerve (V) Medial lemniscus Pons © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... motor nucleus Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal nerve (V) Medial lemniscus Pons © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Neurotransmitters
... • Rapid transmission over distance (nerve cell APs) Neurons can rapidly fire thousands of times without depleting the sodium gradient. Note: speed of the Action Potential depends on the size of the neuron fiber and whether or not its axon is myelinated. The larger the neuron, the less resistan ...
... • Rapid transmission over distance (nerve cell APs) Neurons can rapidly fire thousands of times without depleting the sodium gradient. Note: speed of the Action Potential depends on the size of the neuron fiber and whether or not its axon is myelinated. The larger the neuron, the less resistan ...
Harris KD. Neural signatures of cell assembly organization. Nat Rev
... to two animals, and a sensory responsive neuron was recorded from each animal. Because there is no causal influence from one brain to the other, the response of two neurons recorded in the two brains will be independent, for any given stimulus presentation (conditional independence). Nevertheless, b ...
... to two animals, and a sensory responsive neuron was recorded from each animal. Because there is no causal influence from one brain to the other, the response of two neurons recorded in the two brains will be independent, for any given stimulus presentation (conditional independence). Nevertheless, b ...
before ethics and morality
... The studies of Rene Spitz on the effects of “hospitalism” on infants raised in a foundling home have documented that such infants can die when emotional deprivation is severe. This has been called “marasmus” and occurs even when the physical, nutritional, and medical care of the infant is satisfact ...
... The studies of Rene Spitz on the effects of “hospitalism” on infants raised in a foundling home have documented that such infants can die when emotional deprivation is severe. This has been called “marasmus” and occurs even when the physical, nutritional, and medical care of the infant is satisfact ...
Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... in vitro electrophysiological data17,21–24, we built a recurrent network model for the superior colliculus burst cells, and we tested the hypothesis that these burst cells are suitable for reading out threshold crossing in upstream neurons. Furthermore, the superior colliculus is known to be under t ...
... in vitro electrophysiological data17,21–24, we built a recurrent network model for the superior colliculus burst cells, and we tested the hypothesis that these burst cells are suitable for reading out threshold crossing in upstream neurons. Furthermore, the superior colliculus is known to be under t ...
Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia
... Four unrelated children are described with an identical brainstem and cerebellar malformation on MRI. The key findings are: vermal hypoplasia, subtotal absence of middle cerebellar peduncles, flattened ventral pons, vaulted pontine tegmentum, molar tooth aspect of the pontomesencephalic junction and ...
... Four unrelated children are described with an identical brainstem and cerebellar malformation on MRI. The key findings are: vermal hypoplasia, subtotal absence of middle cerebellar peduncles, flattened ventral pons, vaulted pontine tegmentum, molar tooth aspect of the pontomesencephalic junction and ...
Virus-delivered small RNA silencing sustains strength in
... encoding an siRNA structure that targets human SOD1 messenger RNA was constructed and cloned into adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV-2), which also contains a green fluorescent protein gene. (B) Cultured human (T98G) cells were transfected with a gene encoding an siRNA directed against human SOD1. Cells ...
... encoding an siRNA structure that targets human SOD1 messenger RNA was constructed and cloned into adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV-2), which also contains a green fluorescent protein gene. (B) Cultured human (T98G) cells were transfected with a gene encoding an siRNA directed against human SOD1. Cells ...
1 Removing the Constraints on Our Choices: A Psychobiological
... by subcortical areas in charge of arousal and vigilance, by top-down processes, and by processes in charge of habituation (a decreased response to familiar stimuli) and sensitization (an increased response to stimuli of importance to the organism). These processes, based on an individual’s genetic ...
... by subcortical areas in charge of arousal and vigilance, by top-down processes, and by processes in charge of habituation (a decreased response to familiar stimuli) and sensitization (an increased response to stimuli of importance to the organism). These processes, based on an individual’s genetic ...
Part d
... • Smoking decreases oxygen in the blood, which can lead to neuron death and fetal brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Smoking decreases oxygen in the blood, which can lead to neuron death and fetal brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... • Smoking decreases oxygen in the blood, which can lead to neuron death and fetal brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Smoking decreases oxygen in the blood, which can lead to neuron death and fetal brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Nervous System - Neuron and Nerve Impulse PowerPoint
... the flow of ions at the point of the impulse causes sodium channels just ahead of it to open. This allows the impulse to move rapidly along the axon. – The flow of an impulse can be compared to the fall of a row of dominoes. As each domino falls, it causes the next domino to fall. An action potentia ...
... the flow of ions at the point of the impulse causes sodium channels just ahead of it to open. This allows the impulse to move rapidly along the axon. – The flow of an impulse can be compared to the fall of a row of dominoes. As each domino falls, it causes the next domino to fall. An action potentia ...
Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... that lesioning or otherwise inactivating the STN is effective in treating Parkinson’s disease symptoms (Follett 2000; Levy et al. 2001; Walter and Vitek 2004). Electrical stimulation was thus inferred to mimic a lesion by suppressing output from the STN. The functional lesion hypothesis received sup ...
... that lesioning or otherwise inactivating the STN is effective in treating Parkinson’s disease symptoms (Follett 2000; Levy et al. 2001; Walter and Vitek 2004). Electrical stimulation was thus inferred to mimic a lesion by suppressing output from the STN. The functional lesion hypothesis received sup ...
PDF
... Initial fixation for late embryos, tadpoles and juveniles, was with (1) 2-5 % glutaraldehyde, 1-0% formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde, 2-5% dimethylsulphoxide in 0-1 M-cacodylate buffer at pH 7-4, while (2) 2-0 % osmium tetroxide in 0-1 M-cacodylate buffer pH 7-0 with 8 mM-CaCl2 seemed bett ...
... Initial fixation for late embryos, tadpoles and juveniles, was with (1) 2-5 % glutaraldehyde, 1-0% formaldehyde prepared from paraformaldehyde, 2-5% dimethylsulphoxide in 0-1 M-cacodylate buffer at pH 7-4, while (2) 2-0 % osmium tetroxide in 0-1 M-cacodylate buffer pH 7-0 with 8 mM-CaCl2 seemed bett ...
Central Nervous System - Spinal Cord, Spinal
... -has ascending tracts only- carry sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain. * tracts-bundles of myelinated axons in CNS (brain and spinal cord) 2. The lateral white column- includes the white matter on either side of the spinal cord between the anterior and posterior columns- has both a ...
... -has ascending tracts only- carry sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain. * tracts-bundles of myelinated axons in CNS (brain and spinal cord) 2. The lateral white column- includes the white matter on either side of the spinal cord between the anterior and posterior columns- has both a ...
Autonomic NS
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
Figure 15.9
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
... • White rami communicantes: structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic ...
Rebuilding Brain Circuitry with Living Micro
... bridge deep thalamic structures with the cerebral cortex to assess construct survival and integration. We found that micro-TENN neurons survived at least 1 month and maintained their long axonal architecture along the cortical–thalamic axis. Notably, we also found neurite penetration from micro-TENN ...
... bridge deep thalamic structures with the cerebral cortex to assess construct survival and integration. We found that micro-TENN neurons survived at least 1 month and maintained their long axonal architecture along the cortical–thalamic axis. Notably, we also found neurite penetration from micro-TENN ...
Document
... Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands. They also are referred to as motor, or descending, fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS. REF: 1-23 40. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feat ...
... Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands. They also are referred to as motor, or descending, fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS. REF: 1-23 40. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feat ...
1-1 Test Bank Liebgott: The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry, 3rd
... Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands. They also are referred to as motor, or descending, fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS. REF: 1-23 40. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feat ...
... Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands. They also are referred to as motor, or descending, fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS. REF: 1-23 40. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feat ...
View/Open
... (2) reticular areas of the mesencephalon. Both of these are inhibitory and, when stimulated, can turn off transmission through selected portions of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Both of these gating circuits help highlight the visual information that is allowed to pass. Finally, the dorsal ...
... (2) reticular areas of the mesencephalon. Both of these are inhibitory and, when stimulated, can turn off transmission through selected portions of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Both of these gating circuits help highlight the visual information that is allowed to pass. Finally, the dorsal ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... Systemic physiology: includes all aspects of the function of specific organ systems; cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology and reproductive physiology are examples of systemic physiology. Patho-physiology is the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions (pathos is ...
... Systemic physiology: includes all aspects of the function of specific organ systems; cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology and reproductive physiology are examples of systemic physiology. Patho-physiology is the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions (pathos is ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.