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Liebgott: The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry, 3rd Edition
Chapter 1: General Concepts
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. “Anatomy” comes from Greek root words that mean ____________.”
a. “study of the body
b. “to classify
c. “to cut up
d. “study of movement
e. “replica of the gods
ANS: C
“To cut up.” Anatomy is derived from two Greek root words that mean “to cut up.”
REF: 1-1
2. The term applied to the study of human form and structure as seen with the naked eye is
______.
a. gross anatomy
b. neuroanatomy
c. imaging anatomy
d. cellular analysis
e. physical examination
ANS: A
Gross anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of human form and structure as seen with the
naked eye.
REF: 1-1
3. The study of details of anatomic structure to the level of basic tissue and cell architecture
is __________.
a. neurology
b. regional anatomy
c. microbiology
d. immunology
e. histology
ANS: E
Histology. Histology is the study of details of human tissue as seen through a microscope,
ranging from basic tissue and cell architecture to ultrastructural elements of tissues and
cells.
REF: 1-1
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1-2
4. Noninvasive study of living subjects as revealed by radiography, magnetic resonance
imaging, or ultrasonography is ______________________________.
a. surface anatomy
b. imaging anatomy
c. neuroanatomy
d. gross anatomy
e. x-ray studies
ANS: B
Imaging anatomy. Imaging anatomy is the noninvasive study of living or dead subjects
by conventional radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography.
REF: 1-2
5. What connective tissue contains chondroblasts and has no neurovascular elements?
a. Blood vessels
b. Bone
c. Ligaments
d. Cartilage
e. Muscle
ANS: D
Cartilage. Cartilage is supporting connective tissue consisting of cells (chondroblasts,
which give rise to chondrocytes). There are no neurovascular elements within cartilage.
REF: 1-4
6. In its early stages, the fetal skeleton consists primarily of ___________.
a. sesamoid bone
b. cartilage
c. short bone
d. condyle
e. epicondyle
ANS: B
Cartilage. During early development, most of the fetal skeleton is present as cartilage.
REF: 1-4
7. Calcification is a characteristic of _________.
a. cartilage
b. muscle
c. vessels
d. nerves
e. bone
ANS: E
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Bone. The intercellular matrix of bone becomes calcified for rigidity and strength.
REF: 1-4
8. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about bone?
a. Interstitial growth is not possible, and appositional growth takes place only below
the covering periosteal layer.
b. Periosteum consists of an outer layer of osteoblasts and a fibrous inner layer.
c. Blood cells are formed in the fibrous outer layer.
d. White blood cells and phosphorus are stored in bone.
e. All of the above.
ANS: A
Because of bone’s rigid structure, interstitial growth is not possible. Appositional growth
takes place only below the covering layer of bone. Periosteum consists of a fibrous outer
layer and an inner layer of osteoblasts. Blood cells are formed in bone marrow.
REF: 1-4
9. Diploë is found in ___________.
a. long bones
b. short bone
c. condyles
d. epicondyles
e. flat bones
ANS: E
Flat bones. Flat bones consist of a sandwich: two layers of compact bone encasing a
cancellous layer called the diploë.
REF: 1-6
10. The rounded end of a bone with a smooth articular surface covered by cartilage is
_________.
a. epicondyle
b. sesamoid
c. condyle
d. trochanter
e. crest
ANS: C
Condyle. The condyle is the rounded or widened end of a bone with a smooth articular
surface covered by cartilage. The epicondyle is a ridge of bone above the condyle that
provides muscle attachment.
REF: 1-7
11. The malleolus is found on bones of the ____________.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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upper arm
leg
thigh
shoulder
skull
ANS: B
Lower leg. The malleoli are two bony prominences found on bones of the leg that serve
to bind the lower leg to the ankle. Malleoli are not found on any other bones.
REF: 1-7
12. A gently rounded depression in bone that may provide space for muscles or a concave
area for joint surfaces is a _________________________.
a. foramen
b. fissure
c. fossa
d. sesamoid
e. tubercle
ANS: C
Fossa. Fossa is a gently rounded depression that in some cases provides space for
muscles and in other cases denotes the smooth concave area for joint surfaces.
REF: 1-7
13. Foramen ovale and foramen magnum both describe which feature of bone?
a. A notch in the end of a bone
b. An elongated space between two bones
c. A rounded depression that provides space for muscle
d. A raised process or ridge
e. A hole for nerves and vessels to pass through
ANS: E
A hole for nerves and vessels to pass through. Foramen is a hole in bone that allows
structures such as nerves and vessels to pass through.
REF: 1-7
14. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. A joint is an articulation between two or more bones.
b. Amphiarthrodial joints allow partial movement.
c. Joints may be composed of fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, or a combination
of both.
d. All joints allow some movement.
e. A syndesmosis is a type of fibrous joint.
ANS: D
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All of the statements are true, except for D. Synarthrodial joints allow no movement
between the bones they unite.
REF: 1-8 and 1-9
15. The peg-and-socket articulation between the roots of teeth and the maxillary or
mandibular process is what type of joint?
a. Syndesmosis
b. Gomphosis
c. Suture
d. Diarthrodial
e. None of the above
ANS: B
Gomphosis. A gomphosis joint is in the form of a peg-and-socket articulation between
the roots of teeth and the maxillary or mandibular alveolar process.
REF: 1-9
16. The temporomandibular joint is an example of a _____________________.
a. fibrous joint containing a disc
b. fibrous joint without a disc
c. cartilaginous joint
d. synovial joint containing a disc
e. symphysis joint
ANS: D
Synovial joint. A synovial joint is freely movable. Some synovial joints contain discs
interposed between articular surfaces. The temporomandibular joint is an example of a
synovial joint containing a disc.
REF: 1-10
17. A freely moveable shoulder is an example of a _______________________.
a. ball-and-socket multiaxial joint
b. hinge joint
c. uniaxial joint
d. plane joint
e. condyloid joint
ANS: A
Ball-and-socket multiaxial joint. A ball-and-socket joint has one bony surface that is ballshaped and a second surface that is a reciprocal socket, which allows movement in all
planes. The shoulder is an example of a ball-and-socket joint.
REF: 1-10 and 1-11
18. The three types of muscle tissue in the body are ______________________________.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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temporalis, cardiac, and striated
skeletal, striated, and cardiac
cardiac, smooth, and fibrous
smooth, fibrous, and temporalis
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
ANS: E
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. The three types of muscle tissue in the body are skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is also known as striated because it appears striped
in a histological section.
REF: 1-12
19. Muscles that encircle openings, such as the eye and mouth, and can open or close the
opening are called _________________________________ muscles.
a. pennate
b. sphincter
c. parallel
d. fusiform
e. converging
ANS: B
Sphincter. Sphincter muscles encircle openings, such as the eye and mouth, and may
contract to close the opening. Pennate muscle is structured for power. In fusiform muscle
the fibers converge at both origin and insertion.
REF: 1-13 and 1-14
20. A contraction of skeletal muscle that contracts or tenses the muscle but produces no
movement is characterized as ___________________________.
a. antagonistic
b. isotonic
c. prime
d. isometric
e. synergistic
ANS: D
Isometric. Isometric contractions of skeletal muscle contract or tense the muscle but
produce no movement. An example is tensing the stomach muscles. Isotonic contractions
produce actual movement around a joint.
REF: 1-13
21. Which of the following is/are TRUE about smooth muscle?
a. Smooth muscle lacks the striations of skeletal muscle.
b. Smooth muscle cells are long and tapered.
c. Generally smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow viscera and tubes.
d. Hollow organs, such as the gallbladder, contain smooth muscle.
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e. All of the above.
ANS: E
All of the statements are true about smooth muscle.
REF: 1-15
22. An anatomical system consisting of fluid, a pump, and a system to transport fluid is best
described as the __________ system.
a. nervous
b. musculoskeletal
c. cardiovascular
d. genitourinary
e. pulmonary
ANS: C
Cardiovascular. The cardiovascular system consists of a quantity of fluid, a pump (the
heart), and a series of tubes (veins, arteries, and capillaries) that contain the fluid.
REF: 1-15
23. Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia are terms used to describe which
structure?
a. Blood vessels
b. Brain
c. Lung
d. Smooth muscle
e. Cartilage
ANS: A
Blood vessels. Most blood vessels consist of three coats, or tunics. Tunica intima is the
innermost coat, tunica media is the middle coat, and tunica adventitia is the outer layer.
REF: 1-16
24. The exchange of gases and metabolites takes place between blood and other tissues via
_______.
a. arteries
b. veins
c. arterioles
d. ventricles
e. capillaries
ANS: E
Capillaries. Capillaries form large networks that accommodate large volumes of blood.
The exchange of gases and metabolites takes place through the endothelial barrier of
capillaries, not through veins and arteries.
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REF: 1-17
25. Which of the following statements about the cardiovascular system is/are FALSE?
a. Each vein has a companion artery.
b. Venules drain capillary beds and coalesce with one another to form veins.
c. Generally, arteries have thicker walls than veins.
d. Blood leaves the heart via arteries and returns via veins.
e. All of the above statements are false.
ANS: A
Veins generally accompany arteries, but in some instances, veins are found without
companion arteries. All of the other statements are true.
REF: 1-17
26. During fetal development, CO2/O2 exchange takes place at the
__________________________.
a. heart
b. lungs
c. brain
d. liver
e. placenta
ANS: E
Placenta. During fetal development, the lungs are not functioning. CO2/O2 exchange
takes place at the placenta.
REF: 1-18
27. Which of the following statements best describes changes in the newborn circulation
system at birth?
a. Few substantive changes take place at birth. The circulation system is nearly
complete in the eighth month of the mother’s pregnancy.
b. Various fetal veins and arteries close spontaneously and eventually undergo
fibrosis, thus closing off fetal shunts between arterial and venous circuits.
c. The major fetal shunts remain open for some days after birth until the newborn’s
lungs are fully functioning.
d. The umbilical vein and umbilical artery continue to function for some days after
birth and then eventually become thrombosed.
e. None of the above is true.
ANS: B
Various fetal veins and arteries close spontaneously. The lungs expand and begin to
function at birth. Spontaneously the ductus arteriosus closes and eventually undergoes
fibrosis. Similarly the ductus venosus is obliterated, thus closing off the three major fetal
shunts between the arterial and venous circuits. The umbilical vein and arteries become
thrombosed when the umbilical cord is cut.
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REF: 1-19
28. Two types of lymphocytes present in lymph are ____________________________.
a. B cells and erythrocytes
b. T cells and leukocytes
c. erythrocytes and leukocytes
d. B cells and T cells
e. T cells and erythrocytes
ANS: D
B cells and T cells. Lymph contains two types of lymphocytes—B cells and T cells. B
cells mature in bone marrow and are carried by the blood to the lymph nodes. T cells
mature in the thymus gland and are carried by the blood to the lymph nodes.
REF: 1-19
29. Large groupings of lymph nodes are located in the ________________________.
a. leg and forearm
b. axilla and groin
c. intestines and stomach
d. mandible
e. esophagus
ANS: B
Axilla and groin. Lymph nodes are found in groups throughout the body, but two
particularly large groupings are in the axilla and groin.
REF: 1-20
30. Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
a. Drainage of tissue fluid and protein back to the blood venous system
b. Conduction of fat from the intestines to the blood venous system
c. Manufacture of erythrocytes
d. Manufacture of antibodies
e. Proliferation and circulation of lymphocytes
ANS: C
Manufacture of erythrocytes. All of the aforementioned are functions of the lymphatic
system, except for C. Erythrocytes are produced in the marrow of long bones.
REF: 1-20
31. Which of the following is the best general description of the purpose of the nervous
system?
a. To regulate body temperature
b. To produce fundamental body components, such as blood cells
c. To combat invasive foreign tissues
d. To integrate and interpret stimuli and direct the body to respond in the appropriate
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manner
e. To facilitate healing after an organ has been damaged
ANS: D
Integrate and interpret stimuli and direct the body to respond in the appropriate manner.
The human nervous system is a complex and specialized system that reacts to the external
and internal environment by integrating and interpreting incoming stimuli and directing
the body to respond in the appropriate manner.
REF: 1-20
32. The two types of cells that populate the nervous system are _________________.
a. neurons and neuroglia
b. micron and neuron
c. leukocyte and micron
d. neuroglia and dermis
e. leukocyte and erythrocyte
ANS: A
Neurons and neuroglia. Neuroglia and neurons are the primary cells of the nervous
system. Leukocytes and erythrocytes are blood cells.
REF: 1-21
33. The nervous system components that occur at the intercellular junctions of nerve
processes or between nerve processes and cells of effector organs are
_______________________.
a. proteins
b. neuroglia
c. axons
d. synapses
e. dendrites
ANS: D
Synapses. Synapses occur at the intercellular junctions of nerve processes or between
nerve processes and cells of effector organs. Neuroglia are nonreactive nerve cells.
REF: 1-22
34. Which of the following is/are true statements about neuroglia?
a. Neuroglia are nonreactive cells that fulfill a supportive role.
b. Neuroglia maintain homeostasis in the extracellular environment.
c. Neuroglia are a primary component of the nervous system.
d. Neuroglia electrically insulate nerve processes from each other.
e. All of the above are true.
ANS: E
Statements A through D are true about neuroglia.
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REF: 1-22
35. Neuronal bodies that are grouped and found in the central part of the spinal cord, on the
surfaces of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, and scattered throughout the central
nervous system are called __________________________.
a. myelin
b. gray matter
c. ganglions
d. neurons
e. axons
ANS: B
Gray matter. Gray matter is the term for neuronal bodies that are grouped and found in
the central part of the spinal cord, on the surfaces of the cerebral and cerebellar
hemispheres, and scattered throughout the central nervous system. Neurons are nerve
cells. Ganglia are collections of neuronal cell bodies that are outside of the central
nervous system.
REF: 1-23
36. The component of the nervous system that contains the brain and the spinal cord is the
__________ nervous system.
a. peripheral
b. somatic
c. efferent
d. afferent
e. central
ANS: E
Central. The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord. The
peripheral nervous system is composed of nerves outside of the central nervous system.
REF: 1-23
37. The somatic nervous system controls which activities?
a. Involuntary smooth muscle or glandular tissue activities
b. Minute-to-minute vegetative functional activities of glands
c. Voluntary and reflex skeletal muscle activities
d. Reactions to emergency situations
e. All of the above
ANS: C
Voluntary and reflex activities. The somatic nervous system controls the body’s
voluntary and reflex activities. The visceral (autonomic) nervous system controls
involuntary smooth muscle, minute-to-minute functions of glands, and reactions to
emergency situations.
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REF: 1-23
38. Axons that carry impulses TOWARD the CNS or higher centers are
________________________.
a. neurotransmitters
b. afferent fibers
c. ganglia
d. efferent fibers
e. neurilemma
ANS: B
Afferent fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS or toward
higher centers. They also are referred to as sensory, or ascending, fibers. Efferent fibers
are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands.
REF: 1-23
39. Axons that carry impulses AWAY from the CNS to muscles and glands are
_____________________.
a. neurotransmitters
b. afferent fibers
c. ganglia
d. efferent fibers
e. neurilemma
ANS: D
Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to
muscles and glands. They also are referred to as motor, or descending, fibers. Afferent
fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS.
REF: 1-23
40. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feature primary, secondary,
and tertiary ___________.
a. axons
b. neurons
c. efferent fibers
d. viscera
e. neurilemma
ANS: B
Neurons. General sensory pathways feature three sets of neurons—primary, secondary,
and tertiary—which synapse with neurons in the sensory cortex of the brain.
REF: 1-24
41. The sympathetic division of the visceral (autonomic) nervous system is
___________________.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
1-13
necessary to sustain life
concerned with minute-to-minute control of activities of glands
responsible for controlling the heart and opening gut sphincters
expendable and may be cut with no loss of life
none of the above
ANS: D
The sympathetic division of the visceral nervous system is expendable and may be cut
with no loss of life. The parasympathetic division is necessary to sustain life and is
concerned with minute-to-minute control of the viscera and glands.
REF: 1-23
42. How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 5
d. 12
e. 31
ANS: D
12. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which originate in the brain.
REF: 1-23
43. How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 5
d. 12
e. 31
ANS: E
31. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
REF: 1-23
44. The trigeminal nerve, which innervates the face and scalp, is a _____________________.
a. cranial nerve
b. spinal nerve
c. splanchnic nerve
d. ganglion
e. glossopharyngeal nerve
ANS: A
Cranial nerve. The face and anterior scalp are innervated largely by the trigeminal nerve,
which is cranial nerve V.
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REF: 1-31
45. The moist internal lining of the gut, the respiratory tract, and the genitourinary tract is
_______________.
a. skin
b. mucous membrane
c. epidermis
d. dermis
e. all of the above
ANS: B
Mucous membrane. The linings of the gut, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract are
mucous membrane, which is kept moist by mucous glands. Skin is external, not internal,
lining. Epidermis and dermis are layers within skin.
REF: 1-31
46. Skin color is controlled by the amount of _________________________ in the skin.
a. epidermis
b. dermis
c. hair
d. mucous
e. melanin
ANS: E
Melanin. Skin color varies from pale to dark, depending on the amount of melanin
present.
REF: 1-31
47. The underlying connective tissue layer of skin is the _________________.
a. epidermis
b. membrane
c. dermis
d. thick skin
e. thin skin
ANS: C
Dermis. Dermis is the underlying connective tissue layer of skin. Epidermis is the outer
epithelial layer of skin.
REF: 1-32
48. Skin that covers the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet and is devoid of
hair is ______________.
a. thick skin
b. thin skin
c. mucous membrane
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d. dermis
e. transitional skin
ANS: A
Thick skin. Thick skin covers the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet. It is
devoid of hair, and its surface is ridged for protection against wear. Thin skin covers the
remainder of the body.
REF: 1-31
49. Skin produces _________ when exposed to sunlight.
a. vitamin C
b. adipose tissue
c. vitamin D
d. subcutaneous tissue
e. hair
ANS: C
Vitamin D. Vitamin D production takes place in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.
REF: 1-33
50. Which of the following statements is/are true about fascia?
a. Two basic layers are superficial and deep fascia.
b. There is no clear demarcation between fascia and dermis.
c. It contains collagenous and elastic fibers.
d. It may contain deposits of water and fat.
e. All of the above are true.
ANS: E
All of the above statements are true.
REF: 1-33 to 1-35
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