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Neuro-Opthalmology (Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 40)
Neuro-Opthalmology (Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 40)

... global layer MIFs. Palisade endings are unique to eye muscles, and have been found in all mammalian species investigated up to now. The function of palisade endings is uncertain, but it is possible that they are ‘sensory receptors’. Motoneurons innervating the eye muscles lie in the oculomotor, troc ...
Neural Control - International Continence Society
Neural Control - International Continence Society

... this work has been remodeled, reviewed, updated and extended; and the focus changed to reflect the altered title so that aspects of neural control of the bladder are the main emphasis. In addition there is increased emphasis on the study of the physiology and pathophysiology of humans. The focus of ...
Volume 11 Issue R7 Hand:Peripheral Nerves and Upper Extremity
Volume 11 Issue R7 Hand:Peripheral Nerves and Upper Extremity

... of symptoms is immediate. Chronic lesions (also known as entrapment neuropathies) are caused by repetitive microtrauma or longstanding compression. With chronic lesions, the onset of symptoms is gradual. The majority of substantial peripheral nerve injuries are chronic. ...
Referred Pain - Electromedicine
Referred Pain - Electromedicine

... connection with pain perceived in somatic nerve and spinal nerve root distributions (i.e. the dermatomes that all physicians learn early in their training). Merskey and Bogduk specify that “referred pain is pain perceived in a region that has a nerve supply different from that of the source of pain, ...
PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN
PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN

... Pain information is transmitted to the CNS via three major pathways (Figure 1.1). Most ailments of the body cause pain. The ability to diagnose different diseases depends to a great extent on the knowledge of the different qualities and causes of pain. Sensitivity and reactivity to noxious stimuli a ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have

... these afferents were the: trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo); region dorsal to Vmo; reticular formation, spinal trigeminal nucleus, superior cerebellar peduncle and Vme. One afferent type was modulated strongly during stretching of the jaw-elevator muscles. Based on their high sensitivity during stretch ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle

... Labeling of motoneurons projecting to triceps brachii muscles. Tadpoles were reared through metamorphosis and kept for an additional l-4 months to allow time for muscle afferents to form stable synaptic connections with motoneurons. After simple behavioral tests of the affected forelimb were made (s ...
Spinal Cord - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
Spinal Cord - Fullfrontalanatomy.com

... spinothalamic tracts Lateral: transmits impulses concerned with pain and temp. to opposite side of brain Anterior: transmits impulses concerned with crude touch and pressure to opposite side of brain 1st order neuron: sensory neuron 2nd order neuron: interneurons of dorsal horn; synapse with 3rd ord ...
CRANIAL NERVES: Functional Anatomy
CRANIAL NERVES: Functional Anatomy

... For those of you who will become physicians and general practitioners, cranial nerves are important. Undergraduate anatomy is probably the last time you will study their anatomy, so you need to get the hang of it first time round. This book was written with you in mind. It assumes that you will have ...
Man to Machine, Applications in Electromyography
Man to Machine, Applications in Electromyography

... of many muscle motor units, which are comprised of many cells, and are connected to many motoneurons, thus a seemingly simple muscle contraction will correspond to a complex overall MAP waveform. An electrode properly positioned with respect to the muscle can record these MAP waveforms. The sensing ...
neuroanatomy - University of Toledo
neuroanatomy - University of Toledo

... view and the approach which will best clarify the subject which takes the most effort.” Years before the inception of “the integrated curriculum,” Netter the physician realized that a good medical illustration can include clinical information and physiologic functions as well as anatomy. In pursuit ...
Anatomy & Physiology I
Anatomy & Physiology I

... ‫ تماس‬‫ قشار‬‫ لرزه‬ Tactile sensations arise to a great degree by activation of ‫ خارش‬the same structural type of ‫ حسیت المسه از درجه بلند فعالیت اخذه ساختمانی‬ receptor ‫مشابه منشا میگیرد‬ – Free nerve endings: itch, tickle ‫ خزیدن‬، ‫ خارش‬:‫ نهایات ازاد عصبی‬– Encapsulated nerve endings: ، ...
Spatial cognition, body representation and affective processes
Spatial cognition, body representation and affective processes

... research in vestibular science are—at least in part—associated with different neuronal core mechanisms. Spatial transformations draw on parietal areas, body representation is associated with somatosensory areas, and affective processes involve insular and cingulate cortices, all of which receive ves ...
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action

... our behaviour. It provides information about the position of different parts of the body with respect to one another. It allows characterisation and localisation of touch, stroking, and pain, and it is important for all motor action involving the body and limbs. Furthermore, tactile exploration info ...
Disorders of the Cerebellum and Its Connections
Disorders of the Cerebellum and Its Connections

... The cerebellum, which lies just dorsal to the pons and medulla, consists of two highly convoluted lateral cerebellar hemispheres and a narrow medial portion, the vermis. It is connected to the brain by three pairs of dense fiber bundles called the peduncles. Although the structure and function of th ...
table of contents
table of contents

... possible (3). This limits the ability of the cardiovascular system to compensate for falling arterial oxygen content (CaO2) that is commonly seen in both elite athletes and healthy humans during sea level exercise (3). The fall in CaO2 is generally due to a decrease in arterial hemoglobin saturation ...
Peripheral nerve injuries
Peripheral nerve injuries

... – Sensory end organs respond up to 5 years after injury – Muscle atrophy occurs over 18-24 months ...
Brachial Plexus Injury - International Federation of Societies for
Brachial Plexus Injury - International Federation of Societies for

... years of age have the best functional outcomes following nerve transfer.12, 18, 39 In addition to age, some other factors such as tobacco use, body mass index (BMI), patient’s compliance, and social-economical status also influence the surgical outcomes of BPI patients.2-5, 9, 10, 18,21,40,41 The us ...
An investigation of the sensory and motor innervation of extraocular
An investigation of the sensory and motor innervation of extraocular

... Analogous to the study in monkey, the SIF and MIF motoneurons of the medial and lateral rectus muscle of rats were identified with tracer injections and further characterized by immunolabelling. For the first time it was shown that both motoneurons types are present in rat as well. The MIF motoneuro ...
Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex
Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex

... mainly applied to the body of the animal. The angular amplitude of vibrations measured with a coil attached to the back of the pigeon was 0.25° in yaw and 0.1° in roll. Because the vibrator generated noise, we verified that the auditory stimulation alone did not generate any particular head movement ...
Chronic_Neuropathic_Pain-Slides_Pierce-Smith
Chronic_Neuropathic_Pain-Slides_Pierce-Smith

... Life temporarily disrupted (self limiting) ...
Neuropathic Pain - Science Mission
Neuropathic Pain - Science Mission

... Life temporarily disrupted (self limiting) ...
The Nervous System: Spinal Nerves
The Nervous System: Spinal Nerves

... The distribution of motor neurons in the spinal cord and motor fibers within the spinal nerve and its branches. Although the gray ramus is typically proximal to the white ramus, this simplified diagrammatic view makes it easier to follow the relationships between preganglionic and postganglionic fib ...
Peripheral Nerve Segment Defect Repair
Peripheral Nerve Segment Defect Repair

... Dept. Orthopaedic Surgery Wake Forest School of Medicine ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons 15
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons 15

... urinary tract, are inhibited: When you are running to catch the last bus home, digesting lunch can wait. The sympathetic division also innervates the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels. Sympathetic input to the blood vessels servicing skeletal muscles rises, causing the smooth muscle of the ...
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Proprioception



Proprioception (/ˌproʊpri.ɵˈsɛpʃən/ PRO-pree-o-SEP-shən), from Latin proprius, meaning ""one's own"", ""individual,"" and capio, capere, to take or grasp, is the sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement. In humans, it is provided by proprioceptors in skeletal striated muscles (muscle spindles) and tendons (Golgi tendon organ) and the fibrous capsules in joints. It is distinguished from exteroception, by which one perceives the outside world, and interoception, by which one perceives pain, hunger, etc., and the movement of internal organs. The brain integrates information from proprioception and from the vestibular system into its overall sense of body position, movement, and acceleration. The word kinesthesia or kinæsthesia (kinesthetic sense) strictly means movement sense, but has been used inconsistently to refer either to proprioception alone or to the brain's integration of proprioceptive and vestibular inputs.
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