A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... comparisons were made with ANOVA or Student’s two-tailed t test (Prism, version 4; GraphPad). Differences were considered to be significant if p ⬍ 0.05. ...
... comparisons were made with ANOVA or Student’s two-tailed t test (Prism, version 4; GraphPad). Differences were considered to be significant if p ⬍ 0.05. ...
Sella turcica-Its importance in orthodontics and craniofacial
... Data on the size of the sella turcica have been wellreported in the literature. The size of sella turcica assessed from radiographs can be either linear or various methods of area and volume measurements. It typically ranges from 4 to 12 mm for the vertical and from 5 to 16 mm for the anteroposterio ...
... Data on the size of the sella turcica have been wellreported in the literature. The size of sella turcica assessed from radiographs can be either linear or various methods of area and volume measurements. It typically ranges from 4 to 12 mm for the vertical and from 5 to 16 mm for the anteroposterio ...
Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... NEU 4. Describe the normal distribution of Na+, K+, and Cl- across the cell membrane, and using the chord conductance (Goldman) equation, explain how the relative permeabilities of these ions create a resting membrane potential. NEU 5. Describe ionic basis of an action potential. NEU 6. Distinguish ...
... NEU 4. Describe the normal distribution of Na+, K+, and Cl- across the cell membrane, and using the chord conductance (Goldman) equation, explain how the relative permeabilities of these ions create a resting membrane potential. NEU 5. Describe ionic basis of an action potential. NEU 6. Distinguish ...
thesis - ETDA
... sensorimotor cortex. As research continues to define at least two separate mechanisms of dystonia induction involving the thalamus, perhaps study of the resulting effects on cortical function will merge these apparently divergent pathomechanisms. Hallett proposed a broad deficiency of cortical inhib ...
... sensorimotor cortex. As research continues to define at least two separate mechanisms of dystonia induction involving the thalamus, perhaps study of the resulting effects on cortical function will merge these apparently divergent pathomechanisms. Hallett proposed a broad deficiency of cortical inhib ...
THE SUBFORNICAL ORGAN AND AREA POSTREMA MEDIATE
... individual expends, the excess energy will be stored as adipose tissue with a prolonged imbalance leading to an individual becoming overweight and, eventually, obese. Adipose tissue, once thought of as solely a storage depot for excess triglycerides, also serves as an endocrine organ which plays a c ...
... individual expends, the excess energy will be stored as adipose tissue with a prolonged imbalance leading to an individual becoming overweight and, eventually, obese. Adipose tissue, once thought of as solely a storage depot for excess triglycerides, also serves as an endocrine organ which plays a c ...
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Reelin Signaling in the Adult
... vivo hippocampal slices required the presence of tPA. These data are the first to demonstrate a specific context in which Reelin signaling may be initiated in the intact brain and further emphasize that extracellular proteolysis of Reelin by tPA and other yet-to-be identified proteases is important ...
... vivo hippocampal slices required the presence of tPA. These data are the first to demonstrate a specific context in which Reelin signaling may be initiated in the intact brain and further emphasize that extracellular proteolysis of Reelin by tPA and other yet-to-be identified proteases is important ...
The behaviour of embryonic chick and quail tissues
... solution (maintained at pH 7-0-7-5, with bicarbonate buffer). The pieces of tissue were then dissected with finely ground steel knives or sharpened tungsten needles without the aid of any enzyme treatment. In preparing Explant I, pieces of tissue were explanted directly onto Falcon dishes (Div. Bect ...
... solution (maintained at pH 7-0-7-5, with bicarbonate buffer). The pieces of tissue were then dissected with finely ground steel knives or sharpened tungsten needles without the aid of any enzyme treatment. In preparing Explant I, pieces of tissue were explanted directly onto Falcon dishes (Div. Bect ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... ultimately depends on specific values of synaptic parameters and the rate and the pattern of synaptic activation [55]. The biophysical correlates of different synaptic parameters (e.g., time of recovery from synaptic depression and per-spike usage of synaptic resource) have been extensively document ...
... ultimately depends on specific values of synaptic parameters and the rate and the pattern of synaptic activation [55]. The biophysical correlates of different synaptic parameters (e.g., time of recovery from synaptic depression and per-spike usage of synaptic resource) have been extensively document ...
2014_Shone_Victoria_1054291_ethesis - Kings College
... Pharyngeal arches are bulges found on the lateral surface of the head of vertebrate embryos. They are lined externally by ectoderm and internally by endoderm, with a mesenchymal core of neural crest cells and mesoderm. Lateral expansion of pockets of endoderm form pharyngeal pouches at specific loca ...
... Pharyngeal arches are bulges found on the lateral surface of the head of vertebrate embryos. They are lined externally by ectoderm and internally by endoderm, with a mesenchymal core of neural crest cells and mesoderm. Lateral expansion of pockets of endoderm form pharyngeal pouches at specific loca ...
Document
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
... “stays” in the peripheral auditory system, but under the dependency of other molecular pathways, (2) by passing time, tinnitus progressively recruits several anatomical structures in auditory (the peripheral and central auditory systems) and non-auditory (the limbic system and higher order brain str ...
... “stays” in the peripheral auditory system, but under the dependency of other molecular pathways, (2) by passing time, tinnitus progressively recruits several anatomical structures in auditory (the peripheral and central auditory systems) and non-auditory (the limbic system and higher order brain str ...
Neuronal uptake and propagation of a rare phosphorylated high-molecular-weight tau
... conformation and spread among cells, thus suggesting that prion-like mechanisms underlie the stereotyped propagation of tau13–16. It has been shown that tau can be secreted from intact neurons into the extracellular space in an activity-dependent manner17,18, supporting the idea that extracellular m ...
... conformation and spread among cells, thus suggesting that prion-like mechanisms underlie the stereotyped propagation of tau13–16. It has been shown that tau can be secreted from intact neurons into the extracellular space in an activity-dependent manner17,18, supporting the idea that extracellular m ...
Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Huntington`s disease
... in the cerebral cortex and striatum of people with HD (Zuccato et al., 2001), as well as in many mouse and cell models of the disease (see Cattaneo et al., 2005 for a review). Furthermore, although no underlying molecular mechanism has been proposed to explain reduced neurotrophic support in other n ...
... in the cerebral cortex and striatum of people with HD (Zuccato et al., 2001), as well as in many mouse and cell models of the disease (see Cattaneo et al., 2005 for a review). Furthermore, although no underlying molecular mechanism has been proposed to explain reduced neurotrophic support in other n ...
Leptin Signaling in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii
... Abstract—The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus was initially regarded as the principal site of leptin action, but there is increasing evidence for functional leptin receptors in extrahypothalamic sites, including the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). We demonstrated previously that arcuate injection of le ...
... Abstract—The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus was initially regarded as the principal site of leptin action, but there is increasing evidence for functional leptin receptors in extrahypothalamic sites, including the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). We demonstrated previously that arcuate injection of le ...
Neuro-Opthalmology (Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 40)
... Golgi tendon organs in the eye muscles of some species, and their poor development in others. Second, eye muscles have an inner ‘global layer’, and the outer ‘orbital layer’, each containing different types of muscle fiber. Third, eye muscles contain not only twitch muscle fibers with a single endpl ...
... Golgi tendon organs in the eye muscles of some species, and their poor development in others. Second, eye muscles have an inner ‘global layer’, and the outer ‘orbital layer’, each containing different types of muscle fiber. Third, eye muscles contain not only twitch muscle fibers with a single endpl ...
Propagation of tau pathology in Alzheimer`s disease
... from HEK cells inducibly expressing human tau, rather than transiently overexpressing tau, revealed soluble extracellular tau but no detectable tau in the exosome fraction [33]. Exosomes isolated from SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, infected with a lentivirus to express human GFPtagged tau, also did no ...
... from HEK cells inducibly expressing human tau, rather than transiently overexpressing tau, revealed soluble extracellular tau but no detectable tau in the exosome fraction [33]. Exosomes isolated from SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, infected with a lentivirus to express human GFPtagged tau, also did no ...
Organization of brainstem nuclei
... zone (vestibular nuclei) dorsolaterally and terminating in a general motor efferent zone ventromedially (hypoglossal). Intervening in a dorsal-to-ventral sequence are the somatic afferent column (spinal nucleus of the trigeminal), the visceral afferent column (solitary nucleus and the dorsolateral s ...
... zone (vestibular nuclei) dorsolaterally and terminating in a general motor efferent zone ventromedially (hypoglossal). Intervening in a dorsal-to-ventral sequence are the somatic afferent column (spinal nucleus of the trigeminal), the visceral afferent column (solitary nucleus and the dorsolateral s ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et al., 2005). The STN neuronal ...
... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et al., 2005). The STN neuronal ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... mesolimbic system. For example, DA neurons of the VTA express the α2–α7 and β2–β4 subunits34,35, which can give rise to at least three pharmacologically distinct nAChR subtypes, of which one is probably a homomeric α7 receptor. Although less than half of the VTA neurons express nAChRs that contain α ...
... mesolimbic system. For example, DA neurons of the VTA express the α2–α7 and β2–β4 subunits34,35, which can give rise to at least three pharmacologically distinct nAChR subtypes, of which one is probably a homomeric α7 receptor. Although less than half of the VTA neurons express nAChRs that contain α ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... neurons in the cat (Floeter et al. 1993; Gossard et al. 1996; Grillner and Lund 1968; Grillner et al. 1971; Takakusaki et al. 1989) show that these actions involve both excitatory and inhibitory premotor neurons and initiation of different forms of locomotion from different parts of the brain stem b ...
... neurons in the cat (Floeter et al. 1993; Gossard et al. 1996; Grillner and Lund 1968; Grillner et al. 1971; Takakusaki et al. 1989) show that these actions involve both excitatory and inhibitory premotor neurons and initiation of different forms of locomotion from different parts of the brain stem b ...
elsevier second proof - Michigan State University
... frog and a snake. The nasal sac opens to an external nostril (en) on the dorsal surface of the snout, whereas the vomeronasal organ opens to the nasal sac in frogs and oral cavity in snakes. The axons of the olfactory receptor neurons project to the olfactory bulb (ob), and those of the vomeronasal ...
... frog and a snake. The nasal sac opens to an external nostril (en) on the dorsal surface of the snout, whereas the vomeronasal organ opens to the nasal sac in frogs and oral cavity in snakes. The axons of the olfactory receptor neurons project to the olfactory bulb (ob), and those of the vomeronasal ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... REM sleep was discovered by Aserinsky and Kleitman in 1953. 1 They found that it was characterized by the periodic recurrence of rapid eye movements, linked to a dramatic reduction in the amplitude of the electroencephalogram (EEG), They found that the EEG of REM sleep closely resembled the EEG of a ...
... REM sleep was discovered by Aserinsky and Kleitman in 1953. 1 They found that it was characterized by the periodic recurrence of rapid eye movements, linked to a dramatic reduction in the amplitude of the electroencephalogram (EEG), They found that the EEG of REM sleep closely resembled the EEG of a ...