NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... Systemic physiology: includes all aspects of the function of specific organ systems; cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology and reproductive physiology are examples of systemic physiology. Patho-physiology is the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions (pathos is ...
... Systemic physiology: includes all aspects of the function of specific organ systems; cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology and reproductive physiology are examples of systemic physiology. Patho-physiology is the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions (pathos is ...
CRANIAL NERVES: Functional Anatomy
... to try reading it sometime, though, because it covers topics that students find troublesome but which aid understanding if properly appreciated. If you persevere with Part I you might be rewarded with, at the very least, a warm inward glow when the light finally dawns on some previously murky corner ...
... to try reading it sometime, though, because it covers topics that students find troublesome but which aid understanding if properly appreciated. If you persevere with Part I you might be rewarded with, at the very least, a warm inward glow when the light finally dawns on some previously murky corner ...
THE NEURON
... Neurons may have dozens of dendrites, but usually they have only one axon. In most animals, axons and dendrites of different neurons are grouped into bundles called nerves. ...
... Neurons may have dozens of dendrites, but usually they have only one axon. In most animals, axons and dendrites of different neurons are grouped into bundles called nerves. ...
12 - William M. Clark, M.D
... • Smoking decreases oxygen in the blood, which can lead to neuron death and fetal brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Smoking decreases oxygen in the blood, which can lead to neuron death and fetal brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Safety Considerations
... 1. Effects on Cognition: A number of studies have been performed to identify possible adverse neuropsychological consequences of TMS in neurologically normal subjects. Several studies in which a number of cognitive tasks were administered before and after TMS (Pascual-Leone et al, 1993; Wasserman et ...
... 1. Effects on Cognition: A number of studies have been performed to identify possible adverse neuropsychological consequences of TMS in neurologically normal subjects. Several studies in which a number of cognitive tasks were administered before and after TMS (Pascual-Leone et al, 1993; Wasserman et ...
Chapter 10 - Brands Delmar
... • Classified neurons and neuroglial cells • Discussed the physiology of the nerve impulse and transmission at synapses • Named the different types of neural tissue • Discussed the structure of the spinal cord • Named the spinal nerves © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning ...
... • Classified neurons and neuroglial cells • Discussed the physiology of the nerve impulse and transmission at synapses • Named the different types of neural tissue • Discussed the structure of the spinal cord • Named the spinal nerves © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning ...
Leap 2 - Teacher - Teacher Enrichment Initiatives
... 4. be reabsorbed back into the “sending” neuron - this reabsorption will signal cells to STOP releasing additional neurotransmitter, until the next stimulus occurs. This signaling to STOP releasing additional neurotransmitter is an example of a negative feedback loop. In a negative feedback loop, an ...
... 4. be reabsorbed back into the “sending” neuron - this reabsorption will signal cells to STOP releasing additional neurotransmitter, until the next stimulus occurs. This signaling to STOP releasing additional neurotransmitter is an example of a negative feedback loop. In a negative feedback loop, an ...
Frequency-Dependent Processing in the Vibrissa Sensory System
... FIG. 1. Vibrissa stimulation frequency influences thalamic and cortical response properties. A: (left) when rats are in a quiescent or resting state, their vibrissae are typically still. Right: in contrast, when actively exploring their environment, vibrissae are “whisked” at a rate between ⬃4 and 1 ...
... FIG. 1. Vibrissa stimulation frequency influences thalamic and cortical response properties. A: (left) when rats are in a quiescent or resting state, their vibrissae are typically still. Right: in contrast, when actively exploring their environment, vibrissae are “whisked” at a rate between ⬃4 and 1 ...
Not all brains are created equal: The relevance of
... decrease in response to anodal tDCS (Stagg et al., 2011). Such a reduction can in turn facilitate longterm potentiation (LTP), which allows for cortical reorganization (Hess and Donoghue, 1994) and the authors suggest that the responsiveness of an individual’s regional GABA system to the stimulation ...
... decrease in response to anodal tDCS (Stagg et al., 2011). Such a reduction can in turn facilitate longterm potentiation (LTP), which allows for cortical reorganization (Hess and Donoghue, 1994) and the authors suggest that the responsiveness of an individual’s regional GABA system to the stimulation ...
Evidence of sympathetic ®bers in the male rat pelvic nerve
... LSC. It is therefore possible that postganglionic axons in the LSC cross over to the opposite side. In our study the number of retrogradely labeled neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus and in the LSC was comparable. Extended lesion of the LSC or ventral rhizotomy (T12-S2) decreased by 25% t ...
... LSC. It is therefore possible that postganglionic axons in the LSC cross over to the opposite side. In our study the number of retrogradely labeled neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus and in the LSC was comparable. Extended lesion of the LSC or ventral rhizotomy (T12-S2) decreased by 25% t ...
SpinalCord_Nerves_Plexus_Reflexes
... The superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord. The numbers to the left identify the spinal nerves and indicate where the nerve roots leave the vertebral canal. The spinal cord extends from the brain only to the level of vertebrae L1L2; the spinal segments found at representative ...
... The superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord. The numbers to the left identify the spinal nerves and indicate where the nerve roots leave the vertebral canal. The spinal cord extends from the brain only to the level of vertebrae L1L2; the spinal segments found at representative ...
damage to oligodendrocytes and axons following endothelin 1
... events. The all-or-none law means that any stimulus large enough to produce an action potential produces the same size action potential, regardless of the stimulus strength. In other words, once the stimulus is above threshold, the amplitude of the response no longer reflects the amplitude of the st ...
... events. The all-or-none law means that any stimulus large enough to produce an action potential produces the same size action potential, regardless of the stimulus strength. In other words, once the stimulus is above threshold, the amplitude of the response no longer reflects the amplitude of the st ...
Resonate-and-fire neurons
... We suggest a simple spiking modelÐresonate-and-®re neuron, which is similar to the integrate-and-®re neuron except that the state variable is complex. The model provides geometric illustrations to many interesting phenomena occurring in biological neurons having subthreshold damped oscillations of m ...
... We suggest a simple spiking modelÐresonate-and-®re neuron, which is similar to the integrate-and-®re neuron except that the state variable is complex. The model provides geometric illustrations to many interesting phenomena occurring in biological neurons having subthreshold damped oscillations of m ...
Biology and Behavior
... ***new synapses can develop between neurons not previously connected, when we learn something new ...
... ***new synapses can develop between neurons not previously connected, when we learn something new ...
Endocrine and nervous systems
... Increased body temperature and increased metabolic rate Increased body temperature and decreased metabolic rate Decreased body temperature and increased metabolic rate Decreased body temperature and decreased metabolic rate ...
... Increased body temperature and increased metabolic rate Increased body temperature and decreased metabolic rate Decreased body temperature and increased metabolic rate Decreased body temperature and decreased metabolic rate ...
Document
... • Smoking decreases oxygen in the blood, which can lead to neuron death and fetal brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Smoking decreases oxygen in the blood, which can lead to neuron death and fetal brain damage Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Molecular Underpinnings of Motor Pattern Generation: Differential
... stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, results not only from the synaptic connectivity between the 14 component neurons but also from differences in the intrinsic properties of the neurons. Presumably, differences in the complement and distribution of expressed ion chan ...
... stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, results not only from the synaptic connectivity between the 14 component neurons but also from differences in the intrinsic properties of the neurons. Presumably, differences in the complement and distribution of expressed ion chan ...
Chapter 2: The Brain and Behavior
... FIGURE 2.2 Electrical probes placed inside and outside an axon measure its activity. (The scale is exaggerated here. Such measurements require ultra-small electrodes, as described later in this chapter.) The inside of an axon at rest is about -60 to -70 millivolts, compared with the outside. Electro ...
... FIGURE 2.2 Electrical probes placed inside and outside an axon measure its activity. (The scale is exaggerated here. Such measurements require ultra-small electrodes, as described later in this chapter.) The inside of an axon at rest is about -60 to -70 millivolts, compared with the outside. Electro ...
LAB: Nerve Reflexes
... Closed head injuries, such as bleeding in or around the brain, may be diagnosed by reflex testing. The oculomotor nerve stimulates the muscles in and around the eyes. If pressure increases in the cranium (such as from an increase in blood volume due to the brain bleeding), then the pressure exerted ...
... Closed head injuries, such as bleeding in or around the brain, may be diagnosed by reflex testing. The oculomotor nerve stimulates the muscles in and around the eyes. If pressure increases in the cranium (such as from an increase in blood volume due to the brain bleeding), then the pressure exerted ...
Chapter 14a - Dr. Jerry Cronin
... Taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision provided by specialized receptor cells Communicate with sensory neurons across ...
... Taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision provided by specialized receptor cells Communicate with sensory neurons across ...
Olfaction
... • Homologous to a large family of G protein coupled receptors. • G proteins interact with the carboxyl terminal • Membrane spanning regions differ. ...
... • Homologous to a large family of G protein coupled receptors. • G proteins interact with the carboxyl terminal • Membrane spanning regions differ. ...
Notes to Resp. 4
... The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle. The motor neurons that control the diaphragm have cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord in cervical segments 4 through 6 (C4 to C6) and send their axons to the diaphragm in the phrenic nerves. When action potentials are initiated in the phrenic neuron ...
... The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle. The motor neurons that control the diaphragm have cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord in cervical segments 4 through 6 (C4 to C6) and send their axons to the diaphragm in the phrenic nerves. When action potentials are initiated in the phrenic neuron ...
Presentation
... 9.7: Skeletal Muscle Actions • Skeletal muscles generate a great variety of body movements. • The action of each muscle mostly depends upon the kind of joint it is associated with and the way the muscle is attached on either side of that joint. ...
... 9.7: Skeletal Muscle Actions • Skeletal muscles generate a great variety of body movements. • The action of each muscle mostly depends upon the kind of joint it is associated with and the way the muscle is attached on either side of that joint. ...
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... that may underlie the gain modulations commonly observed in cortex. More generally, it suggests that a smaller input will multiplicatively modulate the gain of a larger one when both converge on a common cortical target. Key words: multiplication; gain modulation; noise; power–law; cortex; tuning cu ...
... that may underlie the gain modulations commonly observed in cortex. More generally, it suggests that a smaller input will multiplicatively modulate the gain of a larger one when both converge on a common cortical target. Key words: multiplication; gain modulation; noise; power–law; cortex; tuning cu ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.