On the basis of animal function
... Please be aware that in order to write a single, concise and informative sentence you need to UNDERSTAND, rather than memorize, a piece of information. To test yourself on how good you are doing this, check if your sentence used your own words or if you are just borrowing part of a sentence you read ...
... Please be aware that in order to write a single, concise and informative sentence you need to UNDERSTAND, rather than memorize, a piece of information. To test yourself on how good you are doing this, check if your sentence used your own words or if you are just borrowing part of a sentence you read ...
Brainstem Nuclei and Tracts
... • Afferent fibers to the superior colliculus are coming from occipital lobe. Corticotectal fibers come from visual cortex of occipital lobe and an area in front lobe, called frontal eye field, make up the most of superior brachium ipsilaterally. • Efferent fibers from superior colliculus are then di ...
... • Afferent fibers to the superior colliculus are coming from occipital lobe. Corticotectal fibers come from visual cortex of occipital lobe and an area in front lobe, called frontal eye field, make up the most of superior brachium ipsilaterally. • Efferent fibers from superior colliculus are then di ...
Central Nervous System
... • Located in the precentral gyrus of each cerebral hemisphere. • Contains large neurons (pyramidal cells) which project to SC neurons which eventually synapse on skeletal muscles – Allowing for voluntary motor control. – These pathways are known as the corticospinal tracts or pyramidal tracts. ...
... • Located in the precentral gyrus of each cerebral hemisphere. • Contains large neurons (pyramidal cells) which project to SC neurons which eventually synapse on skeletal muscles – Allowing for voluntary motor control. – These pathways are known as the corticospinal tracts or pyramidal tracts. ...
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
... suffer from certain anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and Parkinson’s disease. Certain drugs, like caffeine, inhibits the release of GABA causing your brain to become ‘more alert.’ AKA removing the inhibiting effect on action potentials. ...
... suffer from certain anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and Parkinson’s disease. Certain drugs, like caffeine, inhibits the release of GABA causing your brain to become ‘more alert.’ AKA removing the inhibiting effect on action potentials. ...
Spinal cord and simple reflex arc
... – Reflex pattern that persists beyond the age at which it normally disappears (e.g. rooting reflex continues past 6 months) – Childhood reflexes that re-appear in adult following neurological damage to cortex (e.g., rooting reflex re-appears in adult with TBI) Indicates poor cortical inhibition of r ...
... – Reflex pattern that persists beyond the age at which it normally disappears (e.g. rooting reflex continues past 6 months) – Childhood reflexes that re-appear in adult following neurological damage to cortex (e.g., rooting reflex re-appears in adult with TBI) Indicates poor cortical inhibition of r ...
Visual adaptation: Neural, psychological and computational aspects
... and Simoncelli (2006a) showed that human performance on a trial-by-trial basis is well explained by a Bayesian observer model that is optimal with respect to uncertainty reflected in the encoded sensory signals, where uncertainty includes external (stimulus) as well as internal (neural) noise. If the ...
... and Simoncelli (2006a) showed that human performance on a trial-by-trial basis is well explained by a Bayesian observer model that is optimal with respect to uncertainty reflected in the encoded sensory signals, where uncertainty includes external (stimulus) as well as internal (neural) noise. If the ...
I study the neural circuits that move bodies
... depolarization, Kv channels open and K+ ions will flow outwards, causing the cell to become more negative (since positive charge is leaving) until it hits potassium's reversal potential of about -90 mV. Since this happens as rapidly as the depolarizing Na + current, neurons use large-conductance cal ...
... depolarization, Kv channels open and K+ ions will flow outwards, causing the cell to become more negative (since positive charge is leaving) until it hits potassium's reversal potential of about -90 mV. Since this happens as rapidly as the depolarizing Na + current, neurons use large-conductance cal ...
The Nervous System - Fisiokinesiterapia
... starts, it is propagated over the entire axon • Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane • The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration • This action requires ATP Slide 7.19 ...
... starts, it is propagated over the entire axon • Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane • The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration • This action requires ATP Slide 7.19 ...
A Summating, Exponentially-Decaying CMOS Synapse for Spiking
... to compare our theoretical prediction with chip measurement, we first estimate the two transistor parameters κ and I0 by measuring the drain currents from test transistors on the same chip. The current measurements were performed with a Keithley 6517A electrometer. κ and I0 are estimated by fitting ...
... to compare our theoretical prediction with chip measurement, we first estimate the two transistor parameters κ and I0 by measuring the drain currents from test transistors on the same chip. The current measurements were performed with a Keithley 6517A electrometer. κ and I0 are estimated by fitting ...
Document
... pyramidal cells (or outer pyramidal layer) is not sharply demarcated from layer II, but cells larger and possess a typical pyramidal shape. • IV. The inner granular layer contains many small stellate cells and granule cells. ...
... pyramidal cells (or outer pyramidal layer) is not sharply demarcated from layer II, but cells larger and possess a typical pyramidal shape. • IV. The inner granular layer contains many small stellate cells and granule cells. ...
Behavioral Objectives
... 10. Describe the anatomy of the ear and the function of each part. [14.5, pp.284-285, Fig. 14.13] 11. Discuss the receptors for hearing and their mechanism of action. [14.5, pp.284-285, Fig. 14.14] 12. Discuss the receptors for rotational and gravitational equilibrium and their mechanisms of action. ...
... 10. Describe the anatomy of the ear and the function of each part. [14.5, pp.284-285, Fig. 14.13] 11. Discuss the receptors for hearing and their mechanism of action. [14.5, pp.284-285, Fig. 14.14] 12. Discuss the receptors for rotational and gravitational equilibrium and their mechanisms of action. ...
(lateral spinothalamic tract).
... complex, MLF, flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum) typically produce: nystagmus, rhythmic involuntary oscillation of the eyes; the eyes move slowly in one direction, and then jerk quickly back to the opposite side; or vertigo (dizziness, sense of room spinning); ...
... complex, MLF, flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum) typically produce: nystagmus, rhythmic involuntary oscillation of the eyes; the eyes move slowly in one direction, and then jerk quickly back to the opposite side; or vertigo (dizziness, sense of room spinning); ...
22. May 2014 Examination NEVR2010 There are two types
... 14. How is glutamate removed from the synaptic cleft? (2) 15. What is a mental mechanism according to Bechtel? How does such a mechanism differ from other biological mechanisms? (3) 16. Can research into the brain show that we do not really have free will or that we should not be held responsible fo ...
... 14. How is glutamate removed from the synaptic cleft? (2) 15. What is a mental mechanism according to Bechtel? How does such a mechanism differ from other biological mechanisms? (3) 16. Can research into the brain show that we do not really have free will or that we should not be held responsible fo ...
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
... affected. In addition, sympathetic discharge is decreased in fasting animals and increased when fasting animals are re-fed. These changes may explain the decrease in blood pressure and metabolic rate produced by fasting and the opposite changes produced by feeding. ...
... affected. In addition, sympathetic discharge is decreased in fasting animals and increased when fasting animals are re-fed. These changes may explain the decrease in blood pressure and metabolic rate produced by fasting and the opposite changes produced by feeding. ...
Neurological Principles and Rehabilitation of Action Disorders
... consequences of the movements are predicted in advance of the actual sensory feedback that accompanies movement. The reason for this is that actual sensory feedback experiences more significant delays in neural transmission from the peripheral nervous system and spinal cord. Outputs of the forward m ...
... consequences of the movements are predicted in advance of the actual sensory feedback that accompanies movement. The reason for this is that actual sensory feedback experiences more significant delays in neural transmission from the peripheral nervous system and spinal cord. Outputs of the forward m ...
3 state neurons for contextual processing
... Since NMDA and AMPA pathways have distinct roles in respectively switching and firing our model neuron, we suggest the following conceptual model shown on Fig 3A. Without any input the neuron is at the rest or disabled state. Contextual input (via NMDA receptors) can bring the neuron into an enabled ...
... Since NMDA and AMPA pathways have distinct roles in respectively switching and firing our model neuron, we suggest the following conceptual model shown on Fig 3A. Without any input the neuron is at the rest or disabled state. Contextual input (via NMDA receptors) can bring the neuron into an enabled ...
Neural Coding and Auditory Perception
... neighboring frequencies [1]. CN neurons were said to be phase-sensitive (PS) if their rate response changed more with Huffman phase manipulations than do AN fibers at comparable stimulus levels. About one-third of our CN neurons were PS; a majority of these (consisting mostly of primary-like and cho ...
... neighboring frequencies [1]. CN neurons were said to be phase-sensitive (PS) if their rate response changed more with Huffman phase manipulations than do AN fibers at comparable stimulus levels. About one-third of our CN neurons were PS; a majority of these (consisting mostly of primary-like and cho ...
Anatomy Review - Interactive Physiology
... b. support cells in the peripheral nervous system which produce myelin. c. The process of the formation of the myelin sheath. 21. (Page 10.) What is the myelin sheath made of in the peripheral nervous system? 22. (Page 11.) Label the diagram on p. 11. 23. (Page 11.) What are the gaps in the myelin s ...
... b. support cells in the peripheral nervous system which produce myelin. c. The process of the formation of the myelin sheath. 21. (Page 10.) What is the myelin sheath made of in the peripheral nervous system? 22. (Page 11.) Label the diagram on p. 11. 23. (Page 11.) What are the gaps in the myelin s ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... b. support cells in the peripheral nervous system which produce myelin. c. The process of the formation of the myelin sheath. 21. (Page 10.) What is the myelin sheath made of in the peripheral nervous system? 22. (Page 11.) Label the diagram on p. 11. 23. (Page 11.) What are the gaps in the myelin s ...
... b. support cells in the peripheral nervous system which produce myelin. c. The process of the formation of the myelin sheath. 21. (Page 10.) What is the myelin sheath made of in the peripheral nervous system? 22. (Page 11.) Label the diagram on p. 11. 23. (Page 11.) What are the gaps in the myelin s ...
text - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ. Conn. Health
... representing current circumstances and their associated memories. These signals converge on groups of matrix cells that represent various actions and bias the medium spiny neurons toward excitation. The full excitation of cells in a matrix group also depends on two additional inputs; dopaminergic a ...
... representing current circumstances and their associated memories. These signals converge on groups of matrix cells that represent various actions and bias the medium spiny neurons toward excitation. The full excitation of cells in a matrix group also depends on two additional inputs; dopaminergic a ...
Chapter 24: Progressive Muscular Relaxation
... Progressive Muscular Relaxation (continued) • The building blocks involved in muscular contraction are a motor end unit, a motor nerve fiber (neuron), a skeletal muscle fiber, and a stimulus from the nerve fiber to the muscle fiber called an action potential. • Chemicals released from these neurons ...
... Progressive Muscular Relaxation (continued) • The building blocks involved in muscular contraction are a motor end unit, a motor nerve fiber (neuron), a skeletal muscle fiber, and a stimulus from the nerve fiber to the muscle fiber called an action potential. • Chemicals released from these neurons ...
Papazian Lab Homepage Electrical excitability in the brain
... Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 13 is an autosomal dominant genetic disease in humans caused by mutations in KCNC3, which encodes Kv3.3, a voltage-gated K+ channel. The two original SCA13 mutations are associated with distinct clinical manifestations. A mutation in the voltage sensor domain leads to pro ...
... Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 13 is an autosomal dominant genetic disease in humans caused by mutations in KCNC3, which encodes Kv3.3, a voltage-gated K+ channel. The two original SCA13 mutations are associated with distinct clinical manifestations. A mutation in the voltage sensor domain leads to pro ...
Optimal decision making theories - Bristol CS
... a threshold. This strategy is known as the race model (Vickers, 1970). Another possibility is to stop the integration when the difference between the integrated evidence in favour of the winning and losing alternatives exceeds a threshold. This strategy is referred to as the diffusion model (Laming, ...
... a threshold. This strategy is known as the race model (Vickers, 1970). Another possibility is to stop the integration when the difference between the integrated evidence in favour of the winning and losing alternatives exceeds a threshold. This strategy is referred to as the diffusion model (Laming, ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... tree and on the electrical properties of its membrane and cytoplasm? This question is a fundamental one; its answer will provide the understanding of how the various synaptic inputs that are distributed over the dendritic tree interact in time and in space to determine the input-output properties of ...
... tree and on the electrical properties of its membrane and cytoplasm? This question is a fundamental one; its answer will provide the understanding of how the various synaptic inputs that are distributed over the dendritic tree interact in time and in space to determine the input-output properties of ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.