Download C6.4 PPT - Destiny High School

6
The Nervous
System
Lesson 6.1: Overview of the Nervous System
Lesson 6.2: Transmission of Nerve Impulses
Lesson 6.3: Functional Anatomy of the Central
Nervous System
Lesson 6.4: Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral
Nervous System
Lesson 6.5: Injuries and Disorders of the
Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.1
Overview of the
Nervous System
Do Now
Pick three words and write the definition of each. All
words are on page 201.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Afferent Nerves
Efferent Nerves
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Today’s Objectives
• Differentiate between the central nervous system
and peripheral nervous system, and explain the
function of each.
• Explain the differences between afferent and
efferent nerves.
• Describe the functions of the somatic and
autonomic branches of the nervous system.
• Identify the general role of the glial cells.
• Describe the anatomical structure of a typical
neuron.
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Nervous System Overview
• The nervous system controls voluntary movement
by activating skeletal muscle, but also directs the
involuntary functions of smooth muscle in internal
organs and cardiac muscle.
• By automatically controlling the functions of
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, the nervous
system ensures that these life functions are able to
occur without conscious thought.
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Nervous System Overview
• organization of the nervous system
– two major divisions categorized by:
• Structural
• Functional
– the efferent nerves
• nervous tissues
– neuroglia
– neurons
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Organization of the Nervous System
• Two major divisions
– Central nervous system (CNS)
– Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Peripheral nervous system divided into subdivisions:
– sensory receptors
– afferent (sensory) nerves
– efferent (motor) nerves
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Two Major Divisions
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Major Divisions
– Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Includes the brain and spinal cord.
• The CNS directs the activity of the entire nervous system.
– Peripheral Nervous System
• Includes spinal nerves that transmit information to and
from the spinal cord
• Cranial nerves transmit information to and from the brain.
• Also includes sensory receptors which respond to stimuli
such as pressure, pain, or temperature.
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– Afferent Nerves
• Nerves that transmit impulses from the sensory receptors
in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS
– Efferent Nerves
• Nerves that carry impulses from the CNS out to the
muscles and glands.
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The Efferent Nerves
• There are two functional subdivisions of the efferent
(motor) nerves
– somatic nervous system
• Stimulates skeletal muscles causing them to develop tension.
• Voluntary control
– autonomic nervous system
• Controls the cardiac muscle of the heart and the smooth muscles
of the internal organs.
• Involuntary control
• Includes two separate branches
– sympathetic
– parasympathetic
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Nervous Tissues
• 2 Categories of tissues
– neuroglia
• also known as glial cells
• support the neurons
• protect the neurons
– neurons
• transmit nerve impulses
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Neuroglia
• Within the central nervous system there are 4 types of glial cells.
–
–
–
–
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal
oligodendrocytes
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Central Nervous System Glial Cells
– Astrocytes
• Positioned between neurons and capillaries.
• Protect the neurons from any harmful substances in the
blood.
– Microglia
• Absorb and dispose of dead cells and bacteria
– Ependymal
• Form protective coverings around the spinal cord and
central cavities within the brain.
– Oligodendrocytes
• Wrap around nerve fibers and produce a fatty insulating
material called myelin.
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Neuroglia
• peripheral nervous system includes 2 forms of glial cells
– Schwann cells
• Form the fatty myelin sheaths around nerve fibers
– satellite cells
• Serve as cushioning support cells
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Neurons
• Glial cells provide support and protection for the
nervous system, but it is the neurons that transmit
information in the form of nerve impulses.
• Typical neuron has a long, tail-like projection called an
axon.
• dendrites
– send information to cell body
• cell bodies
– Includes a nucleus and mitochondria
• axons
– send information away from cell body
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Neuron Types by Function
• sensory neurons (afferent)
– send impulses toward CNS
– Impulses from the skin and organs to the spinal cord and brain.
– Provides information about the external and internal environments.
• motor neurons
– send impulses away from CNS
– Transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the
muscles and glands, directing body actions.
• interneurons
– bridges between neurons
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Neuron Structures
• bipolar
– one axon
and one
dendrite
• unipolar
– one axon
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• multipolar
– one axon
and many
dendrites
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: sympathetic
nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon.
1. high alert
2. transmits impulses away from cell body
3. fatty insulating material
4. gap between neurons
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END
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Exit Ticket
1) Which of the following is not a major division of
the nervous system?
a. Central Nervous System
b. Peripheral Nervous System
c. Afferent Nervous System
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2) T or F: The central nervous system has afferent
nerves that carry impulses TOWARDS muscles and
glands.
3) When sending nerve impulses, the purpose of the
myelin sheaths are to:
a. Decrease the speed of the transmission.
b. Increase the speed of the transmission.
c. Block any messages being sent.
d. None of the above.
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Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.2
Transmission of
Nerve Impulses
Do Now
• Work on the “Learning the Key Terms” Worksheet
• Chapter 6 Lesson 2 begins on page 202, or use
the glossary which begins on page 579.
• You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn the worksheet into Mr. B when you are
finished.
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Today’s Objectives
Lesson 6.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses
• Define action potential and explain how action
potentials are generated.
• Explain the factors that influence the speed of
neural impulse transmission.
• Describe how impulses are transmitted across the
synapse.
• Discuss the roles played by neurotransmitters.
• Describe the three types of reflexes and explain
how they work.
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Intro
• Neurons have one behavior property in common
with muscles: Irritability – the ability to respond
to a stimulus.
• However, neurons have an aspect of irritability
that muscles DO NOT have: converting stimuli
into nerve impulses.
• Nerve impulse = a tiny electrical charge that
transmits information between neurons.
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Transmission of Nerve Impulses
• Action Potentials
– When a neuron is inactive, there are potassium ions
(K+) inside the cell and sodium (Na+) ions outside the
cell membrane.
– Inside of the membrane is more negatively charged than
the outside (Polarized).
– When a stimulus is involved it changes the charge so
the inside is more positive (Depolarized)
– This change in charge is known as an Action Potential.
– Following the discharge of the action potential, it goes
back to it original charge (Repolarization)
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Transmission of Nerve Impulses
• Impulse Transmission
– 3 factors that have a major impact on the speed at which a
nerve impulse travels:
• Myelin sheath
– The presence of a myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator and
causes the action potentials to “jump”.
– This increases the speed in which an impulse travels.
• Diameter of Axon
– The larger the axon, the more ions available to conduct the
current.
» Example: A large diameter pipe moves more water compared
to a small diameter pipe.
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Transmission of Nerve Impulses
• Temperature
– Warm temperatures increase ion diffusion rates.
– This increases the speed at which impulses will travel.
– Cold temperatures decrease diffusion rates.
» Example: when you hold an ice cube you have a
numbing sensation. The cold area takes longer to send
information about touch, pain, pressure, and
temperature to your brain.
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Impulse Transmission
• Transmission at Synapses
– Neurotransmitters
• Chemical messengers
– excitatory effect
• Activates muscle fibers
– Inhibitory effect
• Blocks pain messages
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Reflexes
• Reflexes
– Simple, rapid, involuntary, programmed responses to
stimuli.
– 2 Categories of reflexes:
• Somatic
– Involve the skeletal muscles.
– Example: withdrawing your hand quickly from something hot
even before you realized that it was hot.
• Autonomic Reflexes
– Send involuntary stimuli to the cardiac muscle of the heart
and the smooth muscle of internal organs.
– Stimulates involuntary muscles.
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: reflexes,
saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter,
or action potential.
1. A(n) _______________ is an all or
none response.
2. _______________ occurs only in
myelinated axons.
3. _______________ are rapid,
involuntary responses.
4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles
filled with _______________.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Action Potential
Saltatory conduction
Reflexes
neurotransmitter
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END
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Exit Ticket
1) Some factors that can influence the speed of a
nerve impulse are:
a. body temperature
b. diameter of the axon
c. presence of a myelin sheath
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
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2) T or F: An action potential is generated when an electrical charge
produced in a nerve or muscle fiber through stimulation.
3) Reflexes are ___:
a. complex, slow, and voluntary responses
b. complex, fast, and involuntary responses
c. simple, rapid, and involuntary responses
d. simple, slow, and voluntary responses.
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4) Somatic reflects involve which type of muscles
and which type of action?
a. Skeletal muscle, involuntary
b. Skeletal muscle, voluntary
c. Cardiac, voluntary
d. Cardiac, involuntary
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Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.3
Functional Anatomy of the
Central Nervous System
Do Now
• Work on the “Learning the Key Terms”
Worksheet.
• Chapter 6 Lesson 3 begins on page 207.
• You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn the worksheet in when you are finished.
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Expectations
General Reminder for Expectations:
1. There is no talking during lecture.
2. If you are finished with the Do Now, hold it until
after we are done with the lecture. Do not give it
to me during the lecture.
3. 1 warning for classroom disruptions and then it’s
a detention.
4. No talking during Exit Tickets.
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Today’s Objectives
• Lesson 6.3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
• Identify the four lobes of the brain and their functions.
• Describe the location, structures, and functions of the diencephalon, or
interbrain.
• Describe the location, structures, and functions of the brain stem.
• Explain the role of the cerebellum.
• Identify the membranes that comprise the meninges and explain their
purposes.
• Describe how the capillaries in the brain are different from other
capillaries and explain why this is important.
• Identify the location and functions of the spinal cord.
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Intro
• The central nervous system includes numerous
anatomical structures with specialized functions.
• Scientists have been able to identify which
structures control or contribute to physiological
processes and actions.
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The Brain
• The brain is vitally important for directing the activity of the entire
nervous system.
• Structurally and functionally complex.
• Adult brain weighs between 2.25lbs and 3.25lbs.
• Contains roughly 100 billion neurons.
• 4 Major anatomic regions of the brain:
–
–
–
–
cerebrum
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum
• meninges
• blood-brain barrier
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Cerebrum
• The left and right cerebral hemispheres are collectively
referred to as the cerebrum, which makes up the largest
portion of the brain.
– cerebral cortex – the outer surface of the cerebrum
• Gyrus – the brain surface is not smooth. Each of the curved, raised
areas are called gyrus.
• Sulcus – each of the grooves between the gryi.
• Fissure – deep grooves in the brain.
– The longitudinal fissure runs the length of the brain and divides in into left
and right hemispheres.
– Neural communications to and from the right side of the body are
controlled by the left brain, and communications with the left side of the
body are controlled by the right brain.
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• Lobes of the Brain
– Frontal – located behind the forehead in the most anterior portion of
the brain are sectioned off from the rest of the brain by the central
sulcus.
– Parietal – located posterior to the frontal lobes.
• Include the primary somatic sensory cortex.
– Occipital – posterior to the parietal lobes are responsible for vision.
– Temporal – most inferior lobes.
• Involve speech, hearing, vision, memory, and emotion.
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• primary motor cortex
– Anterior to the central sulcus.
– Sends neural impulses to the skeletal muscles to initiate and control
the development of muscle tension and movement of our body
parts.
• primary somatic sensory cortex
– Interprets sensory impulses received from the skin, internal organs,
muscles, and joints.
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Cerebrum
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Diencephalon
• Also known as the interbrain.
• Located deep inside the brain, enclosed by the
cerebral hemispheres.
• Includes the following structures:
– thalamus
– hypothalamus
– epithalamus
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– Thalamus
• Serves as a relay station for communicating both sensory and
motor information between the body and the cerebral cortex.
• Regulates body’s states of arousal, including sleep,
wakefulness, and high-alert consciousness.
– Hypothalamus
• Key part of the autonomic nervous system
• Regulates metabolism, heart rate, blood pressure, thirst, hunger,
energy level, and body temperature.
• Also houses the centers for sex, pain, and pleasure.
– Epithalamus
• Includes the pineal gland
• Regulates the sleep-cycle hormones that it secretes.
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Brain Stem
• The brain stem is about the size of a thumb.
• Includes three structures:
– Midbrain
• Serves as a relay station for sensory and motor impulses.
• Specifically relays information about vision, hearing, motor
activity, sleep and wake cycles and temperature regulation.
– Pons
• Located below midbrain
• Regulates breathing
– medulla oblongata
• Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.
• Controls reflexes for coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.
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• Cerebellum
– Found below the occipital lobe
– Coordinates body movements, including balance.
– Receives input from the eyes, inner ears, and sensory
receptors throughout the body.
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The Brain
• Meninges
• Protective barriers that surround the brain and spinal cord.
– dura mater – outer layer right beneath the skull
– arachnoid mater – contains web-like tissue
– pia mater – innermost layer that attaches directly to the surface
of the brain and spinal cord.
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• Blood-Brain Barrier
– Rich network of blood vessels supply the brain with
blood.
– The brain depends on blood to provide nutrients and
carry away waste products.
– At any time, 20% - 25% of the body’s blood is circulating
in the region of your brain.
– Blood-brain barrier protects the brain against surges in
concentrations of hormones, ions, and some nutrients.
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Spinal Cord
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Spinal Cord
• Extends from the brain stem down to the
beginning of the lumbar region of the spine.
• Serves as a pathway for relaying sensory impulses
to the brain and motor impulses from the brain.
• The spine is surrounded and protected by the
three meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. The gyri divide the brain into 4 regions.
2. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure.
3. The meninges has 3 layers.
4. The cerebellum coordinates balance.
5. The pons is also called the interbrain.
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END
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Exit Ticket
1) Which of the following is not one of the four lobes
of the brain?
a. Frontal
b. Parietal
c. Zygomatic
d. Occipital
e. Temporal
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2) The diencephalon is known as the interbrain.
Which of the following is not one of the major
structures of the interbrain?
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
c. Perithalamus
d. Epithalamus
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3) T or F: The cerebellum is responsible for
coordinating body movements, including balance.
4) The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from:
a. hormones
b. alcohol
c. nicotine
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5). Neural communications to and from the right side
of the body are controlled by which side of the
brain?
a. Left
b. Right
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Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.4
Functional Anatomy
of the Peripheral
Nervous System
Do Now
• Work on the “Learning the Key Terms”
Worksheet.
• Chapter 6 Lesson 4 begins on page 216.
• You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn the worksheet in when you are finished.
Today’s Objectives
1. Describe the basic structure of a nerve.
2. Identify the twelve cranial nerves and the
purpose of each.
3. Explain the organization of the spinal nerves, the
dorsal and ventral rami, and the plexuses.
4. Describe the location, structure, and function of
ganglions.
5. Differentiate between the functions of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems.
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Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral
Nervous System
• The peripheral nervous system transmits
information to the CNS and carries instructions
from the CNS.
• nerve structure
– Each nerve consists of a collection of axons and nutrient
supplying blood vessels.
– Each axon is covered by the endoneurium
– Groups of these fibers are bundled into fascicles
surrounded by a protective perineurium.
– Groups of fascicles and blood vessels are encased in a
tough epineurium.
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Nerve Structure
• Fill out the left side of
the worksheet with
the appropriate
terms.
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• cranial nerves
– Twelve pairs of cranial nerves
– Send impulses to and from the left and right sides of the
brain.
– Some of the nerves only contain afferent (sensory)
fibers, and some only contain efferent (motor) fibers,
and others are mixed.
• Turn to Page 217 and fill out the functions of the
cranial nerves.
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Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
• spinal nerves and nerve plexuses
– 31 pairs of spinal nerves branch out from the left and
right sides of the spinal cord.
– The spinal nerve cell bodies are located within the gray
matter of the spinal cord.
• dorsal root and ventral root
– Both nerves unite to form the left and right spinal nerves
that exit at each spinal level.
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• dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
– Each spinal nerve is only about one-half of an inch.
– Each nerve branches out into the dorsal and ventral rami.
– All of the rami are mixed nerves carrying both afferent and
efferent.
– Dorsal rami transmit motor impulses to the posterior trunk
and relay sensory impulses from the skin of the back.
– Ventral rami communicate with the anterior and lateral trunk.
• Plexuses
– Complex interconnections of nerves.
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• autonomic nervous system
– One of two divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
– Autonomic nervous system is programmed by the CNS
to activate the heart, smooth muscles, and glands.
– Within the autonomic system, two nerves connect the
CNS to the organs supplied.
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Autonomic Nervous System
• sympathetic nerves
– Activate the fight-or-flight action response
– Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce adrenaline.
– Preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system
secrete acetylcholine to stimulate postganglionic
neurons.
– Postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter
norepinephrine.
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• parasympathetic nerves
– Controls all of the automatic, day-in and day-out
functions of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive
systems.
– Sometimes called the resting or digesting action
– Produces a calming effect that returns the body to a
normal state.
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: efferent,
ganglion, optic, perineurium.
1. wraps fascicles
2. motor
3. a cranial nerve
4. enlarged junction
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END
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EXIT TICKET
1) Which of the following is not part of the nerve
structure?
a. Endoneurium
b. Perineurium
c. hyponeurium
d. Epineurium
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2) T or F: There are 12 cranial nerves.
3) Sympathetic nerves activate:
a. The central nervous system
b. the peripheral nervous system
c. the flight-or-flight response
d. sleep cycle
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4) T or F: The parasympathetic nervous system
controls the automatic day-in and day-out functions
of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems.
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Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Lesson 6.5
Injuries and Disorders of
the Nervous System
Do Now
• Work on the “Learning the Key Terms”
Worksheet.
• Chapter 6 Lesson 5 begins on page 223.
• You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn the worksheet in when you are finished.
Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Because of the critical roles played by the central
nervous system, injuries and disorders of the CNS can
have potentially serious consequences.
• The brain and spinal cord are well protected. The are
encased, respectively, in the skull and vertebral column.
• traumatic brain injury
• cerebral palsy
• spinal cord injury
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Traumatic Brain Injury
• violent impact to head
– mild
– moderate
– severe
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Cerebral Palsy
• damage to brain
– before birth
– during birth
– during infancy
• motor function impairment
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Spinal Cord Injuries
•
•
•
•
C1–C3: usually fatal
C1–C4: quadriplegia
C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities
T1–L5: paraplegia
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Common Diseases and Disorders of the
CNS
•
•
•
•
•
meningitis
multiple sclerosis
epilepsy
Parkinson’s disease
dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia,
multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy.
1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath
2. loss of memory and thinking
3. loss of function below the neck
4. may begin before birth
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