Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not
only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into
three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et
al., 2005).
The STN neuronal ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... detella pertussis toxin sensitization (Bphs), which controls both histamine-mediated autoimmune T cell and
vascular responses after pertussis toxin sensitization. Histamine H1R- and H2R-deficient mice have an imbalance in
Th1/Th2 cell function (318, 564) and a lower susceptibility
to develop autoimm ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... and Hindu Vedic literatures (Mandukya Upanishad,
400 BC-200 BC), classification of such a sleep state
on the basis of objective electrophysiological criteria
was made possible only in the mid-twentieth century.
The period following the discovery of REM sleep was
marked by an ever-increasing interest ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits,
transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in
some mammals, the release of somatotropins
[13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with
perio ...
Behavioural Brain Research Ventral pallidum roles in reward and
... Importantly, the ‘thalamic preparation’ may damage the ventral pallidum, which
is part of the telencephalon, raising the possibility that ventral pallidum damage
might similarly be responsible for the thalamic animal’s aversion to sucrose. The
importance to positive hedonic reactions of a ventral te ...
stimulant treatment history predicts frontal-striatal
... Segal, 1997; Volkow et al., 2001). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques offer
non-‐invasive, accessible, and versatile tools to study stimulant effects in the
developing human brain. Especially functional MRI studies investigating acute
st ...
Emotional experiences of tension and suspense: psychological
... multitude of contexts (e.g., in music, literature, film, sports, or everyday life). However, the
psychological and neuronal mechanisms underlying tension experiences remain largely
unclear. This dissertation aims to advance the understanding of tension and suspense by
presenting theoretical and empi ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... Metabotropic receptors are organized into three classes or groups, Group I, Group II, and Group
III receptors. Group I receptors include GRM1 and GRM5. Group I receptors classically are coupled
to Gq /G11 proteins that activate inositol triphosphate (IP3) second messenger signaling and increase
intr ...
Test Bank 1
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________.
a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently
b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus
c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur
d. provide a soft ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... discriminative control over the UCR (Baxter, 1966; Kimmel, 1967; Knight et al., 2010;
Marcos & Redondo, 1999). Others have suggested that conscious expectations modify
UCR expression (Dunsmoor et al., 2008; Knight et al., 2010; Rust, 1976). For example,
greater UCR diminution has been observed when ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... dopaminergic neurons. This pigmentation is due to the presence of neuromelanin, which
is a byproduct of the metabolism of dopamine, giving the SN its distinct dark color
(Double et al., 2000; Zecca et al., 2008). Within this mesodiencephalic dopaminergic
complex, the VTA is located medial to the SN, ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... actioneoutcome learning (The ‘outcome’ is the reward or
punisher that is or is not obtained when the action is performed.). The ACC contains representations of reward and
punisher value, and thus of outcome, which are essential
for learning associations between actions and the outcomes that follow a ...
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral
... eight animals with acceptable lesions to both CeA and VTA for
ipsilateral and contralateral lesions of CeA and VTA, respectively.
Five animals intended for either ipsilateral or contralateral lesions of
CeA and VTA had no lesions to the CeA but did have acceptable
lesions to the VTA, so these animal ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... and akinetic mutism (reviewed in Paus 2001). However, in the 1990s, with new neuroimaging
methods, the dACC became increasingly associated with cognitive functions. In parallel, other
lines of research, including neuroanatomical, consistently highlighted links between the dACC
and motor function. Th ...
Full-Text PDF
... it appears that modification and proliferation are predominantly mediated via PAR-1 activation.
Thrombin changes the cell morphology of astrocytes, fetal neurons and neuroblastoma cells, where
it causes neurite retraction and reverse stellation [41–43]. At times, thrombin induced shape
changes invol ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... of potential pacemakers by use of molecular criteria. Based upon these phylogenetic considerations, some clock genes as well as
the neuropeptide PDH, which is a known clock output in insects, have recently been analysed in crayfish and lobsters (see 4.3.).
In insects and mammals, the circadian pacem ...
A Systematic Nomenclature for the Insect Brain
... neuropils remain unresolved. Acknowledging that names based on relative positions within the brain may be useful in some
cases, alternative position-based synonyms are also provided (see Section VII-1, p. 59).
- In all cases where a name has been changed, we track all previous names and alternatives ...
Electroencephalography - Department of Computational and
... fMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while
other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, fMRI) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET), which are
indirect markers of brain electrical activity. EEG can be used simultaneousl ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... Lennart Heimer is the principal author of Chapters 1–3. Chapters 1 and 2
provide a brief description of the origin and evolution of the concept of the
limbic system and some deficiencies attributed to it as a basis for understanding behavior and human neuropsychiatric disorders. Chapter 3 describes ...
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary
... The materials were physically acquired in June of 2010 and are
cared for by members of the staff of the National Museum of
Health and Medicine, then a component of the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology on the grounds of Walter Reed Army
Medical Centre in Washington, DC. They were accessioned into
...
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a
... The materials were physically acquired in June of 2010 and are
cared for by members of the staff of the National Museum of
Health and Medicine, then a component of the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology on the grounds of Walter Reed Army
Medical Centre in Washington, DC. They were accessioned into
...
Corpus Callosum
... corpus callosum radiology reference article - the corpus callosum cc is the largest of the
commissural fibres linking the cerebral cortex of the left and right cerebral hemisphere it is the
largest fibre, agenesis of corpus callosum webmd - important it is possible that the main title of
the report ...
A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia
... setting the stage for the development of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Or there may be additional factors, such as stress or
neurotoxicity, that occur during adolescence or early adulthood and are necessary for the development of schizophrenia, and may be
associated with neurodegenerative changes. ...
Serotonin in Affective Control
... the semantics of the internal and external states and state changes that they report. A single implementational mechanism (such as changing the gain of a particular set of neurons) can have quite
different functional roles. It may nevertheless be possible to identify particular dynamical behaviors w ...
Neurophilosophy
Neurophilosophy or philosophy of neuroscience is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy that explores the relevance of neuroscientific studies to the arguments traditionally categorized as philosophy of mind. The philosophy of neuroscience attempts to clarify neuroscientific methods and results using the conceptual rigor and methods of philosophy of science.While the issue of brain-mind is still open for debate, from the perspective of neurophilosophy, an understanding of the philosophical applications of neuroscience discoveries is nevertheless relevant. Even if neuroscience eventually found that there is no causal relationship between brain and mind, the mind would still remain associated with the brain, some would argue an epiphenomenon, and as such neuroscience would still be relevant for the philosophy of the mind. At the other end of the spectrum, if neuroscience will eventually demonstrate a perfect overlap between brain and mind phenomena, neuroscience would become indispensable for the study of the mind. Clearly, regardless of the status of the brain-mind debate, the study of neuroscience is relevant for philosophy.