Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... NEU 30. Describe the local factors affecting brain blood flow and contrast their effectiveness with that of autonomic regulation of cerebral blood flow. Understand the role of blood flow in relation to fMRI. NEU 31. Describe cerebrovascular disorders (stroke, hemorrhage, aneurysm, migraine headache) ...
... NEU 30. Describe the local factors affecting brain blood flow and contrast their effectiveness with that of autonomic regulation of cerebral blood flow. Understand the role of blood flow in relation to fMRI. NEU 31. Describe cerebrovascular disorders (stroke, hemorrhage, aneurysm, migraine headache) ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... as well as insular cortex, and subgenual and pregenual regions of the ACC (Phillips et al., 2003). The ventral system also includes subcortical brain structures such as the amygdala, ventral striatum, thalamus, and hypothalamus (Phillips et al., 2003). The ventral system is essential in the assessme ...
... as well as insular cortex, and subgenual and pregenual regions of the ACC (Phillips et al., 2003). The ventral system also includes subcortical brain structures such as the amygdala, ventral striatum, thalamus, and hypothalamus (Phillips et al., 2003). The ventral system is essential in the assessme ...
the Report - The Lasker Foundation
... Foundation envisions a healthier world through sustained support for basic and clinical medical research. The Foundation works to accomplish its mission through education and advocacy and, most notably, through a prestigious annual awards program. Lasker Award winners are selected by their peers, wh ...
... Foundation envisions a healthier world through sustained support for basic and clinical medical research. The Foundation works to accomplish its mission through education and advocacy and, most notably, through a prestigious annual awards program. Lasker Award winners are selected by their peers, wh ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... along the processing chain, the stimulus specificity of responses as well as the input-output transformations at each station. An interesting model system for investigating these dynamical processes is the rodent whisker system. Rodents can solve highly complicated tasks with their whiskers alone, d ...
... along the processing chain, the stimulus specificity of responses as well as the input-output transformations at each station. An interesting model system for investigating these dynamical processes is the rodent whisker system. Rodents can solve highly complicated tasks with their whiskers alone, d ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... in the retinal photoreceptors and in the first optic ganglion, where the short visual fibers contact the monopolar neurons (507, 576, 711). Histamine is released from arthropod photoreceptors and gates chloride channels on postsynaptic interneurons; it mediates the light response of the postsynaptic ...
... in the retinal photoreceptors and in the first optic ganglion, where the short visual fibers contact the monopolar neurons (507, 576, 711). Histamine is released from arthropod photoreceptors and gates chloride channels on postsynaptic interneurons; it mediates the light response of the postsynaptic ...
Interaction of the Frontal Eye Field and Superior Colliculus for
... Received 8 August 2000; accepted in final form 18 October 2000 ...
... Received 8 August 2000; accepted in final form 18 October 2000 ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... employing it successfully (see below, section C). Then an immunocytochemical method was developed for detection of ACh (Geffard et al., 1985); of course, this technique would be most useful in definitive identification of cholinergic neurons and pathways, but there was no follow-up with regard to its ...
... employing it successfully (see below, section C). Then an immunocytochemical method was developed for detection of ACh (Geffard et al., 1985); of course, this technique would be most useful in definitive identification of cholinergic neurons and pathways, but there was no follow-up with regard to its ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... some expressed late in neuronal differentiation (e.g. NeuN; synaptophysin) and others expressed early in neuronal differentiation (e.g. MAP2; calretinin) (Sarnat et al., 1998; Ulfig, 2001; Sarnat, 2013, 2015). Synaptic glomeruli exhibit less synaptophysin expression at 16 weeks than at older gestatio ...
... some expressed late in neuronal differentiation (e.g. NeuN; synaptophysin) and others expressed early in neuronal differentiation (e.g. MAP2; calretinin) (Sarnat et al., 1998; Ulfig, 2001; Sarnat, 2013, 2015). Synaptic glomeruli exhibit less synaptophysin expression at 16 weeks than at older gestatio ...
Neuronal uptake and propagation of a rare phosphorylated high-molecular-weight tau
... disease (AD)2,3. Cognitive deficits in AD are most closely linked with progression of NFTs in a hierarchical pattern, starting in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and marching throughout the brain during disease progression4,5. Although the precise mechanisms for this characteristic tau pathology spread re ...
... disease (AD)2,3. Cognitive deficits in AD are most closely linked with progression of NFTs in a hierarchical pattern, starting in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and marching throughout the brain during disease progression4,5. Although the precise mechanisms for this characteristic tau pathology spread re ...
Full-Text PDF
... regulatory factors such as FX, protease nexin-1 (PN-1), AT III and thrombin-activated receptors have been identified in these specimens, indicating a potential role of thrombin in the CNS [13]. Prothrombin has been found on neuronal cells and astrocytes via mRNA measurement in rat and human nervous ...
... regulatory factors such as FX, protease nexin-1 (PN-1), AT III and thrombin-activated receptors have been identified in these specimens, indicating a potential role of thrombin in the CNS [13]. Prothrombin has been found on neuronal cells and astrocytes via mRNA measurement in rat and human nervous ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... Thus the classical concept is changed; there are two main input structures of the basal ganglia: striatum and STN. Several anatomical and electrophysiological studies have been performed on the monosynaptic cortico-subthalamic (‘hyperdirect’) pathway, but its functional role within the cortico-basal ...
... Thus the classical concept is changed; there are two main input structures of the basal ganglia: striatum and STN. Several anatomical and electrophysiological studies have been performed on the monosynaptic cortico-subthalamic (‘hyperdirect’) pathway, but its functional role within the cortico-basal ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways, is the principal receptive region of the basal ganglia, which are a group of functionally related brain areas that include the striatum, SN, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus. In the brain of primates and other higher mammals, the striatum can be divided ...
... nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways, is the principal receptive region of the basal ganglia, which are a group of functionally related brain areas that include the striatum, SN, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus. In the brain of primates and other higher mammals, the striatum can be divided ...
Spatial cognition, body representation and affective processes
... field depends largely on the future use of innovative behavioral techniques, the use of which is absolutely necessary to tap into the mechanisms that underlie vestibular cortical ...
... field depends largely on the future use of innovative behavioral techniques, the use of which is absolutely necessary to tap into the mechanisms that underlie vestibular cortical ...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of
... 2002). The BLA, comprising the lateral, basolateral, basomedial, and basoventral nuclei, affectively evaluates sensory information and is a site of integration with cortical association areas, including those that regulate fear and other emotional responses (Jovanovic and Ressler, 2010). The CMA, co ...
... 2002). The BLA, comprising the lateral, basolateral, basomedial, and basoventral nuclei, affectively evaluates sensory information and is a site of integration with cortical association areas, including those that regulate fear and other emotional responses (Jovanovic and Ressler, 2010). The CMA, co ...
Convergence, Divergence, Pupillary Reactions and
... posterior of the cat and induced constriction of both pupils. I n the cat, Barris ('36) obtained bilateral and equal pupillary constriction from stimulation of the lower end of the inferior portion of the posterior lateral gyrus. The degree of pupillary constriction was never greater than from 1/2 t ...
... posterior of the cat and induced constriction of both pupils. I n the cat, Barris ('36) obtained bilateral and equal pupillary constriction from stimulation of the lower end of the inferior portion of the posterior lateral gyrus. The degree of pupillary constriction was never greater than from 1/2 t ...
Extracellular Glutamate, Glutamine, and GABA in the Hippocampus
... Epilepsy, a disorder characterized by repeated unprovoked seizures, affects 1-3% of the population (1). Epilepsy is broadly classified as localization-related or generalized, depending on whether it originates in one hemisphere or involves the cortex bilaterally, respectively. Epilepsy can be furthe ...
... Epilepsy, a disorder characterized by repeated unprovoked seizures, affects 1-3% of the population (1). Epilepsy is broadly classified as localization-related or generalized, depending on whether it originates in one hemisphere or involves the cortex bilaterally, respectively. Epilepsy can be furthe ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... life span averaging approximately 30–60 days. They are constantly replaced by mitotic division of the basal stem cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to t ...
... life span averaging approximately 30–60 days. They are constantly replaced by mitotic division of the basal stem cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to t ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... Rakic, 1980, 1990; Luskin and Shatz, 1985a,b) and achieve a high degree of phenotypic maturity during fetal and neonatal development (for review, see Shatz et al., 1988, 1991). Many of them receive synapses (Chun and Shatz, 1988a; Herrmann et al., 1991) and can be synaptically driven by white matter ...
... Rakic, 1980, 1990; Luskin and Shatz, 1985a,b) and achieve a high degree of phenotypic maturity during fetal and neonatal development (for review, see Shatz et al., 1988, 1991). Many of them receive synapses (Chun and Shatz, 1988a; Herrmann et al., 1991) and can be synaptically driven by white matter ...
1
... motivational deficits. Interestingly, GM volume reductions, related to emotional processes are more prominent in H-I subtype, more preserved in combined subtypes, and relatively undisrupted in inattentive subtypes, which is in agreement with previous ADHD theories (Castellanos and Tannock 2002). We ...
... motivational deficits. Interestingly, GM volume reductions, related to emotional processes are more prominent in H-I subtype, more preserved in combined subtypes, and relatively undisrupted in inattentive subtypes, which is in agreement with previous ADHD theories (Castellanos and Tannock 2002). We ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... and Galaburda, 1984). The laminar distribution of cortical projection neurons reflects this organizational scheme. Projections to subcortical structures arise only from layers 5 and 6: neurons in layer 6 send their axons to the thalamus; neurons in layer 5 project to multiple targets in the midbrain ...
... and Galaburda, 1984). The laminar distribution of cortical projection neurons reflects this organizational scheme. Projections to subcortical structures arise only from layers 5 and 6: neurons in layer 6 send their axons to the thalamus; neurons in layer 5 project to multiple targets in the midbrain ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
frontal functions, connectivity and neural efficiency underpinning
... which have differentiated high from low hypnotically susceptible subjects, and which led to a working model and neuropsychological translation of the hypnotic induction process. New evidence is outlined from an fMRI/EEG study. This study also disclosed the importance of neural efficiency in left lat ...
... which have differentiated high from low hypnotically susceptible subjects, and which led to a working model and neuropsychological translation of the hypnotic induction process. New evidence is outlined from an fMRI/EEG study. This study also disclosed the importance of neural efficiency in left lat ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.