Document
... Between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium Copyright © 2009 Pearson ...
... Between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier by releasing chemicals that control permeability of endothelium Copyright © 2009 Pearson ...
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
... Ventricles of the Brain Third ventricle Ventricle of the diencephalon Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle: – via interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) ...
... Ventricles of the Brain Third ventricle Ventricle of the diencephalon Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle: – via interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... Finally, there are evolutionary trends in the anatomy of this system: in lower vertebrates, serotonergic neurons have fine unmyelinated axons that are highly collateralized, whereas in higher vertebrates there is evidence for significant myelination of serotonergic axons and fewer collaterals. In th ...
... Finally, there are evolutionary trends in the anatomy of this system: in lower vertebrates, serotonergic neurons have fine unmyelinated axons that are highly collateralized, whereas in higher vertebrates there is evidence for significant myelination of serotonergic axons and fewer collaterals. In th ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... during cortically generated absence seizures accompanied by loss of consciousness (Pinault, 2004; Fuentealba and Steriade, 2005; Steriade, 2005). Because of its unique placement and physiology, it has been suggested that TRN is the attentional searchlight of the brain (Crick, 1984) and a key compone ...
... during cortically generated absence seizures accompanied by loss of consciousness (Pinault, 2004; Fuentealba and Steriade, 2005; Steriade, 2005). Because of its unique placement and physiology, it has been suggested that TRN is the attentional searchlight of the brain (Crick, 1984) and a key compone ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ADULT MAMMALIAN SENSORY CORTEX
... 1. He HY, Rasmusson DD, Quinlan EM. Progressive elevations in AMPA and GABAA receptor levels in deafferented somatosensory cortex. J Neurochem. 2004 Sep;90(5):1186-93. Restricted receptive fields (RFs), a hallmark of mature sensory systems, are actively maintained by a balance between ascending exci ...
... 1. He HY, Rasmusson DD, Quinlan EM. Progressive elevations in AMPA and GABAA receptor levels in deafferented somatosensory cortex. J Neurochem. 2004 Sep;90(5):1186-93. Restricted receptive fields (RFs), a hallmark of mature sensory systems, are actively maintained by a balance between ascending exci ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... Are REMs in REM sleep a bottom-up or top-down phenomenon? One influential theory on dreams consisted in seeing dreams as generated through bottom-up processes (Hobson and McCarley 1977) close to visual perception during wakefulness. In this view, dream scenery would start from activity in low-level ...
... Are REMs in REM sleep a bottom-up or top-down phenomenon? One influential theory on dreams consisted in seeing dreams as generated through bottom-up processes (Hobson and McCarley 1977) close to visual perception during wakefulness. In this view, dream scenery would start from activity in low-level ...
Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of
... outcome (Schultz et al., 1997; Waelti et al., 2001; Fiorillo et al., 2003). This phasic dopamine signal may be used as a teaching signal by other brain structures for the learning of rewarddirected behavior. After conditioning in a Pavlovian procedure in which distinct visual stimuli have specific re ...
... outcome (Schultz et al., 1997; Waelti et al., 2001; Fiorillo et al., 2003). This phasic dopamine signal may be used as a teaching signal by other brain structures for the learning of rewarddirected behavior. After conditioning in a Pavlovian procedure in which distinct visual stimuli have specific re ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... Hoesen, 1981; Amaral and Price, 1984; Barbas and De Olmos, 1990; Morecraft et al., 1992; Carmichael and Price, 1995), and appears to be essential in judging rewarding or aversive outcomes of actions (e.g., Bechara et al., 1997; Schoenbaum et al., 1998). Posterior orbitofrontal cortex, in particular, ...
... Hoesen, 1981; Amaral and Price, 1984; Barbas and De Olmos, 1990; Morecraft et al., 1992; Carmichael and Price, 1995), and appears to be essential in judging rewarding or aversive outcomes of actions (e.g., Bechara et al., 1997; Schoenbaum et al., 1998). Posterior orbitofrontal cortex, in particular, ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... Prefrontal cortices have been implicated in autonomic function, but their role in this activity is not well understood. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions. Thus, the prefrontal cortex may be an essential link for aut ...
... Prefrontal cortices have been implicated in autonomic function, but their role in this activity is not well understood. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions. Thus, the prefrontal cortex may be an essential link for aut ...
ITI-signals and prelimbic cortex facilitate avoidance acquisition and
... et al., 2000; Beck et al., 2010) differences in avoidance susceptibility; however, WKY rats are a unique rodent, in that, they exhibit qualities of behavioral inhibition (low exploration of novel spaces and stimuli), but they also exhibit rapid acquisition of activeavoidance behavior, which they bec ...
... et al., 2000; Beck et al., 2010) differences in avoidance susceptibility; however, WKY rats are a unique rodent, in that, they exhibit qualities of behavioral inhibition (low exploration of novel spaces and stimuli), but they also exhibit rapid acquisition of activeavoidance behavior, which they bec ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... other features are partially intrinsic; but even in these cases, visual experience might still play a role. Ko et al. (2014) found that mice that are deprived of vision from before eye opening still develop orientation-selective cells in V1, just as controls do. In addition, there is an increased pr ...
... other features are partially intrinsic; but even in these cases, visual experience might still play a role. Ko et al. (2014) found that mice that are deprived of vision from before eye opening still develop orientation-selective cells in V1, just as controls do. In addition, there is an increased pr ...
New Treatment Approaches in Tinnitus: The Place of Repetitive
... effective in superficial cortical layers and additionally that the cortical regions are far away from the surface with which the cortical regions have a functional relationship and that it can be reached to the cortical regions by synaptic stimulations. In this context, for instance, since the Hesch ...
... effective in superficial cortical layers and additionally that the cortical regions are far away from the surface with which the cortical regions have a functional relationship and that it can be reached to the cortical regions by synaptic stimulations. In this context, for instance, since the Hesch ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... Brain dysfunction caused by brain injury, sensory deprivation, or motor disability can severely affect human life. Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to adapt to environmental changes or brain damage. This plasticity helps the brain to restore the loss of function and operates in sensory, m ...
... Brain dysfunction caused by brain injury, sensory deprivation, or motor disability can severely affect human life. Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to adapt to environmental changes or brain damage. This plasticity helps the brain to restore the loss of function and operates in sensory, m ...
Mitchell, Emma (2016) Detour pathways of descending motor
... The motor cortex makes a substantial contribution to contralateral limb function via the corticospinal tract (CST). The extent to which the motor cortex influences ipsilateral limb function is less clear. Interest in ipsilateral cortical control stems from studies of stroke survivors, demonstrating ...
... The motor cortex makes a substantial contribution to contralateral limb function via the corticospinal tract (CST). The extent to which the motor cortex influences ipsilateral limb function is less clear. Interest in ipsilateral cortical control stems from studies of stroke survivors, demonstrating ...
A Systematic Nomenclature for the Insect Brain
... Here we provide a nomenclature system for the adult insect brain using that of Drosophila melanogaster as a framework. The nomenclature system is based on discussions amongst the Insect Brain Name Working Group, a team of invertebrate neurobiologists working towards this end point since 2007. This e ...
... Here we provide a nomenclature system for the adult insect brain using that of Drosophila melanogaster as a framework. The nomenclature system is based on discussions amongst the Insect Brain Name Working Group, a team of invertebrate neurobiologists working towards this end point since 2007. This e ...
ATLAS OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
... University with an honors program in psychology. His first experimental work was with rats that had lesions of the hippocampus, which was then a little-known area of the brain. At that time, Professor Donald Hebb was the chair of the Psychology Department and was gaining prominence for his theory kn ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... contralateral cortex, motor tissue was collected to detect the expression of GDNF using the immunohistochemical SP method (details are shown in the Immunohistochemical procedure section). Characterization of antibodies To localize the GDNF protein in the spinal cord, an affinity-purified rabbit poly ...
... contralateral cortex, motor tissue was collected to detect the expression of GDNF using the immunohistochemical SP method (details are shown in the Immunohistochemical procedure section). Characterization of antibodies To localize the GDNF protein in the spinal cord, an affinity-purified rabbit poly ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... (Purpura 1974). Studies have shown decreases in spine density in neocortical pyramidal neurons in patients with schizophrenia. One study of schizophrenics found 59 and 66% decreases in spine density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et ...
... (Purpura 1974). Studies have shown decreases in spine density in neocortical pyramidal neurons in patients with schizophrenia. One study of schizophrenics found 59 and 66% decreases in spine density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et ...
The Study of Brain Activity in Sleep
... • Pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus: acetylcholine • Raphe neurons: serotonine • Ventral periacqueductal grey: dopamine • Nucleus basalis: acetylcholine • Tuberomammillary neurons: histamine • Posterior hypothalamus: orexin (hypocretin) ...
... • Pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus: acetylcholine • Raphe neurons: serotonine • Ventral periacqueductal grey: dopamine • Nucleus basalis: acetylcholine • Tuberomammillary neurons: histamine • Posterior hypothalamus: orexin (hypocretin) ...
Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional
... Fuel sensing and appetite are controlled by the hypothalamus.4 Hunger is regulated by the hypothalamus in conjunction with an integrated network of other brain regions such as the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula, which control motivation-reward systems associated with the hedoni ...
... Fuel sensing and appetite are controlled by the hypothalamus.4 Hunger is regulated by the hypothalamus in conjunction with an integrated network of other brain regions such as the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula, which control motivation-reward systems associated with the hedoni ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... naming, relies on the dorsal route for error-free phonological production. As Buchsbaum et al. (2011) explain: There is reason to believe that speakers rely to some extent on an auditory-phonological memory of words they are attempting to produce, as Wernicke proposed, or in modern motor control ter ...
... naming, relies on the dorsal route for error-free phonological production. As Buchsbaum et al. (2011) explain: There is reason to believe that speakers rely to some extent on an auditory-phonological memory of words they are attempting to produce, as Wernicke proposed, or in modern motor control ter ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.