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6 The Nervous System Lesson 6.1: Overview of the Nervous System Lesson 6.2: Transmission of Nerve Impulses Lesson 6.3: Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Lesson 6.4: Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Lesson 6.5: Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.1 Overview of the Nervous System Do Now Pick three words and write the definition of each. All words are on page 201. • • • • • • Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Afferent Nerves Efferent Nerves Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Today’s Objectives • Differentiate between the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, and explain the function of each. • Explain the differences between afferent and efferent nerves. • Describe the functions of the somatic and autonomic branches of the nervous system. • Identify the general role of the glial cells. • Describe the anatomical structure of a typical neuron. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nervous System Overview • The nervous system controls voluntary movement by activating skeletal muscle, but also directs the involuntary functions of smooth muscle in internal organs and cardiac muscle. • By automatically controlling the functions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, the nervous system ensures that these life functions are able to occur without conscious thought. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nervous System Overview • organization of the nervous system – two major divisions categorized by: • Structural • Functional – the efferent nerves • nervous tissues – neuroglia – neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Organization of the Nervous System • Two major divisions – Central nervous system (CNS) – Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Peripheral nervous system divided into subdivisions: – sensory receptors – afferent (sensory) nerves – efferent (motor) nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Two Major Divisions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Major Divisions – Central Nervous System (CNS) • Includes the brain and spinal cord. • The CNS directs the activity of the entire nervous system. – Peripheral Nervous System • Includes spinal nerves that transmit information to and from the spinal cord • Cranial nerves transmit information to and from the brain. • Also includes sensory receptors which respond to stimuli such as pressure, pain, or temperature. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. – Afferent Nerves • Nerves that transmit impulses from the sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS – Efferent Nerves • Nerves that carry impulses from the CNS out to the muscles and glands. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Efferent Nerves • There are two functional subdivisions of the efferent (motor) nerves – somatic nervous system • Stimulates skeletal muscles causing them to develop tension. • Voluntary control – autonomic nervous system • Controls the cardiac muscle of the heart and the smooth muscles of the internal organs. • Involuntary control • Includes two separate branches – sympathetic – parasympathetic © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nervous Tissues • 2 Categories of tissues – neuroglia • also known as glial cells • support the neurons • protect the neurons – neurons • transmit nerve impulses © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuroglia • Within the central nervous system there are 4 types of glial cells. – – – – astrocytes microglia ependymal oligodendrocytes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Central Nervous System Glial Cells – Astrocytes • Positioned between neurons and capillaries. • Protect the neurons from any harmful substances in the blood. – Microglia • Absorb and dispose of dead cells and bacteria – Ependymal • Form protective coverings around the spinal cord and central cavities within the brain. – Oligodendrocytes • Wrap around nerve fibers and produce a fatty insulating material called myelin. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuroglia • peripheral nervous system includes 2 forms of glial cells – Schwann cells • Form the fatty myelin sheaths around nerve fibers – satellite cells • Serve as cushioning support cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neurons • Glial cells provide support and protection for the nervous system, but it is the neurons that transmit information in the form of nerve impulses. • Typical neuron has a long, tail-like projection called an axon. • dendrites – send information to cell body • cell bodies – Includes a nucleus and mitochondria • axons – send information away from cell body © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuron Types by Function • sensory neurons (afferent) – send impulses toward CNS – Impulses from the skin and organs to the spinal cord and brain. – Provides information about the external and internal environments. • motor neurons – send impulses away from CNS – Transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands, directing body actions. • interneurons – bridges between neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Neuron Structures • bipolar – one axon and one dendrite • unipolar – one axon © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • multipolar – one axon and many dendrites Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: sympathetic nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon. 1. high alert 2. transmits impulses away from cell body 3. fatty insulating material 4. gap between neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. END © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Exit Ticket 1) Which of the following is not a major division of the nervous system? a. Central Nervous System b. Peripheral Nervous System c. Afferent Nervous System © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 2) T or F: The central nervous system has afferent nerves that carry impulses TOWARDS muscles and glands. 3) When sending nerve impulses, the purpose of the myelin sheaths are to: a. Decrease the speed of the transmission. b. Increase the speed of the transmission. c. Block any messages being sent. d. None of the above. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses Do Now • Work on the “Learning the Key Terms” Worksheet • Chapter 6 Lesson 2 begins on page 202, or use the glossary which begins on page 579. • You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet. • Turn the worksheet into Mr. B when you are finished. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Today’s Objectives Lesson 6.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses • Define action potential and explain how action potentials are generated. • Explain the factors that influence the speed of neural impulse transmission. • Describe how impulses are transmitted across the synapse. • Discuss the roles played by neurotransmitters. • Describe the three types of reflexes and explain how they work. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Intro • Neurons have one behavior property in common with muscles: Irritability – the ability to respond to a stimulus. • However, neurons have an aspect of irritability that muscles DO NOT have: converting stimuli into nerve impulses. • Nerve impulse = a tiny electrical charge that transmits information between neurons. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Transmission of Nerve Impulses • Action Potentials – When a neuron is inactive, there are potassium ions (K+) inside the cell and sodium (Na+) ions outside the cell membrane. – Inside of the membrane is more negatively charged than the outside (Polarized). – When a stimulus is involved it changes the charge so the inside is more positive (Depolarized) – This change in charge is known as an Action Potential. – Following the discharge of the action potential, it goes back to it original charge (Repolarization) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Transmission of Nerve Impulses • Impulse Transmission – 3 factors that have a major impact on the speed at which a nerve impulse travels: • Myelin sheath – The presence of a myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator and causes the action potentials to “jump”. – This increases the speed in which an impulse travels. • Diameter of Axon – The larger the axon, the more ions available to conduct the current. » Example: A large diameter pipe moves more water compared to a small diameter pipe. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Transmission of Nerve Impulses • Temperature – Warm temperatures increase ion diffusion rates. – This increases the speed at which impulses will travel. – Cold temperatures decrease diffusion rates. » Example: when you hold an ice cube you have a numbing sensation. The cold area takes longer to send information about touch, pain, pressure, and temperature to your brain. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Impulse Transmission • Transmission at Synapses – Neurotransmitters • Chemical messengers – excitatory effect • Activates muscle fibers – Inhibitory effect • Blocks pain messages © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Reflexes • Reflexes – Simple, rapid, involuntary, programmed responses to stimuli. – 2 Categories of reflexes: • Somatic – Involve the skeletal muscles. – Example: withdrawing your hand quickly from something hot even before you realized that it was hot. • Autonomic Reflexes – Send involuntary stimuli to the cardiac muscle of the heart and the smooth muscle of internal organs. – Stimulates involuntary muscles. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled with _______________. 1. 2. 3. 4. Action Potential Saltatory conduction Reflexes neurotransmitter © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. END © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Exit Ticket 1) Some factors that can influence the speed of a nerve impulse are: a. body temperature b. diameter of the axon c. presence of a myelin sheath d. all of the above e. none of the above © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 2) T or F: An action potential is generated when an electrical charge produced in a nerve or muscle fiber through stimulation. 3) Reflexes are ___: a. complex, slow, and voluntary responses b. complex, fast, and involuntary responses c. simple, rapid, and involuntary responses d. simple, slow, and voluntary responses. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 4) Somatic reflects involve which type of muscles and which type of action? a. Skeletal muscle, involuntary b. Skeletal muscle, voluntary c. Cardiac, voluntary d. Cardiac, involuntary © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Do Now • Work on the “Learning the Key Terms” Worksheet. • Chapter 6 Lesson 3 begins on page 207. • You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet. • Turn the worksheet in when you are finished. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Expectations General Reminder for Expectations: 1. There is no talking during lecture. 2. If you are finished with the Do Now, hold it until after we are done with the lecture. Do not give it to me during the lecture. 3. 1 warning for classroom disruptions and then it’s a detention. 4. No talking during Exit Tickets. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Today’s Objectives • Lesson 6.3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System • Identify the four lobes of the brain and their functions. • Describe the location, structures, and functions of the diencephalon, or interbrain. • Describe the location, structures, and functions of the brain stem. • Explain the role of the cerebellum. • Identify the membranes that comprise the meninges and explain their purposes. • Describe how the capillaries in the brain are different from other capillaries and explain why this is important. • Identify the location and functions of the spinal cord. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Intro • The central nervous system includes numerous anatomical structures with specialized functions. • Scientists have been able to identify which structures control or contribute to physiological processes and actions. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Brain • The brain is vitally important for directing the activity of the entire nervous system. • Structurally and functionally complex. • Adult brain weighs between 2.25lbs and 3.25lbs. • Contains roughly 100 billion neurons. • 4 Major anatomic regions of the brain: – – – – cerebrum diencephalon brain stem cerebellum • meninges • blood-brain barrier © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebrum • The left and right cerebral hemispheres are collectively referred to as the cerebrum, which makes up the largest portion of the brain. – cerebral cortex – the outer surface of the cerebrum • Gyrus – the brain surface is not smooth. Each of the curved, raised areas are called gyrus. • Sulcus – each of the grooves between the gryi. • Fissure – deep grooves in the brain. – The longitudinal fissure runs the length of the brain and divides in into left and right hemispheres. – Neural communications to and from the right side of the body are controlled by the left brain, and communications with the left side of the body are controlled by the right brain. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • Lobes of the Brain – Frontal – located behind the forehead in the most anterior portion of the brain are sectioned off from the rest of the brain by the central sulcus. – Parietal – located posterior to the frontal lobes. • Include the primary somatic sensory cortex. – Occipital – posterior to the parietal lobes are responsible for vision. – Temporal – most inferior lobes. • Involve speech, hearing, vision, memory, and emotion. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • primary motor cortex – Anterior to the central sulcus. – Sends neural impulses to the skeletal muscles to initiate and control the development of muscle tension and movement of our body parts. • primary somatic sensory cortex – Interprets sensory impulses received from the skin, internal organs, muscles, and joints. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebrum © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Diencephalon • Also known as the interbrain. • Located deep inside the brain, enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres. • Includes the following structures: – thalamus – hypothalamus – epithalamus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. – Thalamus • Serves as a relay station for communicating both sensory and motor information between the body and the cerebral cortex. • Regulates body’s states of arousal, including sleep, wakefulness, and high-alert consciousness. – Hypothalamus • Key part of the autonomic nervous system • Regulates metabolism, heart rate, blood pressure, thirst, hunger, energy level, and body temperature. • Also houses the centers for sex, pain, and pleasure. – Epithalamus • Includes the pineal gland • Regulates the sleep-cycle hormones that it secretes. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Brain Stem • The brain stem is about the size of a thumb. • Includes three structures: – Midbrain • Serves as a relay station for sensory and motor impulses. • Specifically relays information about vision, hearing, motor activity, sleep and wake cycles and temperature regulation. – Pons • Located below midbrain • Regulates breathing – medulla oblongata • Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. • Controls reflexes for coughing, sneezing, and vomiting. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • Cerebellum – Found below the occipital lobe – Coordinates body movements, including balance. – Receives input from the eyes, inner ears, and sensory receptors throughout the body. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Brain • Meninges • Protective barriers that surround the brain and spinal cord. – dura mater – outer layer right beneath the skull – arachnoid mater – contains web-like tissue – pia mater – innermost layer that attaches directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • Blood-Brain Barrier – Rich network of blood vessels supply the brain with blood. – The brain depends on blood to provide nutrients and carry away waste products. – At any time, 20% - 25% of the body’s blood is circulating in the region of your brain. – Blood-brain barrier protects the brain against surges in concentrations of hormones, ions, and some nutrients. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Cord © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Cord • Extends from the brain stem down to the beginning of the lumbar region of the spine. • Serves as a pathway for relaying sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain. • The spine is surrounded and protected by the three meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. The gyri divide the brain into 4 regions. 2. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure. 3. The meninges has 3 layers. 4. The cerebellum coordinates balance. 5. The pons is also called the interbrain. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. END © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Exit Ticket 1) Which of the following is not one of the four lobes of the brain? a. Frontal b. Parietal c. Zygomatic d. Occipital e. Temporal © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 2) The diencephalon is known as the interbrain. Which of the following is not one of the major structures of the interbrain? a. Thalamus b. Hypothalamus c. Perithalamus d. Epithalamus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 3) T or F: The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating body movements, including balance. 4) The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from: a. hormones b. alcohol c. nicotine © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 5). Neural communications to and from the right side of the body are controlled by which side of the brain? a. Left b. Right © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.4 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Do Now • Work on the “Learning the Key Terms” Worksheet. • Chapter 6 Lesson 4 begins on page 216. • You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet. • Turn the worksheet in when you are finished. Today’s Objectives 1. Describe the basic structure of a nerve. 2. Identify the twelve cranial nerves and the purpose of each. 3. Explain the organization of the spinal nerves, the dorsal and ventral rami, and the plexuses. 4. Describe the location, structure, and function of ganglions. 5. Differentiate between the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System • The peripheral nervous system transmits information to the CNS and carries instructions from the CNS. • nerve structure – Each nerve consists of a collection of axons and nutrient supplying blood vessels. – Each axon is covered by the endoneurium – Groups of these fibers are bundled into fascicles surrounded by a protective perineurium. – Groups of fascicles and blood vessels are encased in a tough epineurium. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nerve Structure • Fill out the left side of the worksheet with the appropriate terms. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • cranial nerves – Twelve pairs of cranial nerves – Send impulses to and from the left and right sides of the brain. – Some of the nerves only contain afferent (sensory) fibers, and some only contain efferent (motor) fibers, and others are mixed. • Turn to Page 217 and fill out the functions of the cranial nerves. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses • spinal nerves and nerve plexuses – 31 pairs of spinal nerves branch out from the left and right sides of the spinal cord. – The spinal nerve cell bodies are located within the gray matter of the spinal cord. • dorsal root and ventral root – Both nerves unite to form the left and right spinal nerves that exit at each spinal level. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • dorsal ramus and ventral ramus – Each spinal nerve is only about one-half of an inch. – Each nerve branches out into the dorsal and ventral rami. – All of the rami are mixed nerves carrying both afferent and efferent. – Dorsal rami transmit motor impulses to the posterior trunk and relay sensory impulses from the skin of the back. – Ventral rami communicate with the anterior and lateral trunk. • Plexuses – Complex interconnections of nerves. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • autonomic nervous system – One of two divisions of the peripheral nervous system. – Autonomic nervous system is programmed by the CNS to activate the heart, smooth muscles, and glands. – Within the autonomic system, two nerves connect the CNS to the organs supplied. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Autonomic Nervous System • sympathetic nerves – Activate the fight-or-flight action response – Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce adrenaline. – Preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system secrete acetylcholine to stimulate postganglionic neurons. – Postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • parasympathetic nerves – Controls all of the automatic, day-in and day-out functions of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems. – Sometimes called the resting or digesting action – Produces a calming effect that returns the body to a normal state. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: efferent, ganglion, optic, perineurium. 1. wraps fascicles 2. motor 3. a cranial nerve 4. enlarged junction © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. END © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. EXIT TICKET 1) Which of the following is not part of the nerve structure? a. Endoneurium b. Perineurium c. hyponeurium d. Epineurium © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 2) T or F: There are 12 cranial nerves. 3) Sympathetic nerves activate: a. The central nervous system b. the peripheral nervous system c. the flight-or-flight response d. sleep cycle © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. 4) T or F: The parasympathetic nervous system controls the automatic day-in and day-out functions of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 6: The Nervous System Lesson 6.5 Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System Do Now • Work on the “Learning the Key Terms” Worksheet. • Chapter 6 Lesson 5 begins on page 223. • You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet. • Turn the worksheet in when you are finished. Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord • Because of the critical roles played by the central nervous system, injuries and disorders of the CNS can have potentially serious consequences. • The brain and spinal cord are well protected. The are encased, respectively, in the skull and vertebral column. • traumatic brain injury • cerebral palsy • spinal cord injury © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Traumatic Brain Injury • violent impact to head – mild – moderate – severe © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cerebral Palsy • damage to brain – before birth – during birth – during infancy • motor function impairment © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Spinal Cord Injuries • • • • C1–C3: usually fatal C1–C4: quadriplegia C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities T1–L5: paraplegia Corepics/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS • • • • • meningitis multiple sclerosis epilepsy Parkinson’s disease dementia and Alzheimer’s disease © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy. 1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath 2. loss of memory and thinking 3. loss of function below the neck 4. may begin before birth © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.