Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... antidromic activation of mossy fibers, we blocked the mossy fiber transmission ventral to the stimulation electrode in two animals. If the CS information is transmitted via the mossy fibers, this should abolish responses to the forelimb CS but leave responses to MCP stimulation unaffected. A micropi ...
... antidromic activation of mossy fibers, we blocked the mossy fiber transmission ventral to the stimulation electrode in two animals. If the CS information is transmitted via the mossy fibers, this should abolish responses to the forelimb CS but leave responses to MCP stimulation unaffected. A micropi ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... site and the area where MDMs infiltrate. These areas were manually outlined for 3D rendering. Blue shading corresponds with automated threshold scans of OX42⫹ microglia in white matter. GM, Gray matter. E, F, Graded levels of myelin loss (MBP; red) surround the zymosan injection site. EGFP⫹ DRG axon ...
... site and the area where MDMs infiltrate. These areas were manually outlined for 3D rendering. Blue shading corresponds with automated threshold scans of OX42⫹ microglia in white matter. GM, Gray matter. E, F, Graded levels of myelin loss (MBP; red) surround the zymosan injection site. EGFP⫹ DRG axon ...
That nagging pain in the bum
... in the spine. These factors are known as ‘risk factors’ and are classified as Intrinsic or Extrinsic factors. Intrinsic risk factors are characteristics of a biomechanical, biological or psychological nature that may predispose and individual to the disease or injury. Extrinsic risk factors are the ...
... in the spine. These factors are known as ‘risk factors’ and are classified as Intrinsic or Extrinsic factors. Intrinsic risk factors are characteristics of a biomechanical, biological or psychological nature that may predispose and individual to the disease or injury. Extrinsic risk factors are the ...
The Control of Rate and Timing of Spikes in the Deep Cerebellar
... Gex ⫹ Ein * Gin) / (Gex ⫹ Gin). The membrane potential trajectory (Fig. 1 B, black trace) followed fluctuations in Vsyn quite well. These fluctuations reflect the changing amplitude of the inhibitory conductance. During depolarizing membrane potential fluctuations, action potentials could be generat ...
... Gex ⫹ Ein * Gin) / (Gex ⫹ Gin). The membrane potential trajectory (Fig. 1 B, black trace) followed fluctuations in Vsyn quite well. These fluctuations reflect the changing amplitude of the inhibitory conductance. During depolarizing membrane potential fluctuations, action potentials could be generat ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
Non-NMDA and NMDA receptors transmit area postrema input to
... one were polysynaptically activated by ADN stimulation. The mean onset latency for AP-evoked action potentials was 10.1 6 3.4 (mean 6 SD) ms. As we have previously shown for NTS neurons receiving combined AP and ADN inputs (5), ADN stimulation evoked action potentials having either a long-onset late ...
... one were polysynaptically activated by ADN stimulation. The mean onset latency for AP-evoked action potentials was 10.1 6 3.4 (mean 6 SD) ms. As we have previously shown for NTS neurons receiving combined AP and ADN inputs (5), ADN stimulation evoked action potentials having either a long-onset late ...
Spinal Kyphosis Causes Demyelination and Neuronal Loss in the
... and abnormal arrangement of the blood vessels. As the kyphotic angle increased, these changes became more marked, especially in the ventral side of the spinal cord that was directly exposed to mechanical compression.” DISCUSSION Birds are bipeds and try to maintain their head parallel to the ground, ...
... and abnormal arrangement of the blood vessels. As the kyphotic angle increased, these changes became more marked, especially in the ventral side of the spinal cord that was directly exposed to mechanical compression.” DISCUSSION Birds are bipeds and try to maintain their head parallel to the ground, ...
Degeneration and impaired regeneration of gray matter
... By end stage of disease, their proliferation rate is 20-fold higher than in wild-type mice5, and they comprise the majority of actively dividing cells in the spinal cord5,6. However, the cause of this enhanced proliferation in ALS is unknown. To determine when and where NG2+ cells first exhibit this ...
... By end stage of disease, their proliferation rate is 20-fold higher than in wild-type mice5, and they comprise the majority of actively dividing cells in the spinal cord5,6. However, the cause of this enhanced proliferation in ALS is unknown. To determine when and where NG2+ cells first exhibit this ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repertoire is diverse, different behaviors require different control strategies, and at every le ...
... movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repertoire is diverse, different behaviors require different control strategies, and at every le ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... (K PBS)] for 20 min, rinsed in K PBS, and then incubated with Fos antibody (lot number A055; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) at a dilution of 1:10,000 in 0.4% Triton X-100 in K PBS for 72 hr at 4°C. The sections were then rinsed with K PBS, placed for 4 hr in biotinylated goat anti-rabbit ...
... (K PBS)] for 20 min, rinsed in K PBS, and then incubated with Fos antibody (lot number A055; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) at a dilution of 1:10,000 in 0.4% Triton X-100 in K PBS for 72 hr at 4°C. The sections were then rinsed with K PBS, placed for 4 hr in biotinylated goat anti-rabbit ...
The Motor System
... Lesion of the left corticospinal tract above the level of the brainstem. Lesion of the left corticospinal tract, prior to the decussation (corticobulbar tract): removed cortical input to cranial nerves serving the face which are crossed (hypotonia and drooping of right face with drooling). Lesion of ...
... Lesion of the left corticospinal tract above the level of the brainstem. Lesion of the left corticospinal tract, prior to the decussation (corticobulbar tract): removed cortical input to cranial nerves serving the face which are crossed (hypotonia and drooping of right face with drooling). Lesion of ...
FREE Sample Here
... Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 8) S ...
... Study Objective 1: SO 12.2 Compare the structures and functions of neurons and neuroglia and white matter and gray matter. Study Objective 2: SO 12.2.1 Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 8) S ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... pathogenic factor is the word. It can cause disturbances of mental activity, behavior, disorders of various functions on the conditional reflex mechanism. Endogenous pathogenic factors are divided into primary and secondary. The primary concern hereditary disorders of genetic and chromosomal neurons ...
... pathogenic factor is the word. It can cause disturbances of mental activity, behavior, disorders of various functions on the conditional reflex mechanism. Endogenous pathogenic factors are divided into primary and secondary. The primary concern hereditary disorders of genetic and chromosomal neurons ...
Myelin and White Matter
... On the same axon, adjacent myelin segments belong to different oligodendrocytes. A single oligodendrocyte provides the myelin for many internodal segments of different axons simultaneously. One oligodendrocyte can be responsible for the production and maintenance of up to 40 nerve fibers (Fig. 1.9). ...
... On the same axon, adjacent myelin segments belong to different oligodendrocytes. A single oligodendrocyte provides the myelin for many internodal segments of different axons simultaneously. One oligodendrocyte can be responsible for the production and maintenance of up to 40 nerve fibers (Fig. 1.9). ...
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
... Fig. 1. Morphology of CDI. (A) A whole-mount staining of CDI in the CNS of an adult male G. bimaculatus in ventral view. The soma and dendrites are located in the mesothoracic ganglion, and two axons project throughout the whole CNS with extensive varicose arborizations that are bilateral in every g ...
... Fig. 1. Morphology of CDI. (A) A whole-mount staining of CDI in the CNS of an adult male G. bimaculatus in ventral view. The soma and dendrites are located in the mesothoracic ganglion, and two axons project throughout the whole CNS with extensive varicose arborizations that are bilateral in every g ...
Neuromechanical coupling in the regulation of muscle tone and joint
... exists regarding potential mechanisms capable of altering this descending drive among healthy adults, as well as those with joint injury. This information would be clinically useful because tone may be described as the muscles’ “state of readiness,” which can be modified based on specific functional ...
... exists regarding potential mechanisms capable of altering this descending drive among healthy adults, as well as those with joint injury. This information would be clinically useful because tone may be described as the muscles’ “state of readiness,” which can be modified based on specific functional ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... form arborizations in appropriate regions of the CNS (Murphey, 1985; Kämper and Murphey, 1987). Once there, afferents targeted to the same regions of the CNS compete for postsynaptic partners (Murphey, 1986; Shepherd and Murphey, 1986). As an alternative to scissors and scalpel, mutants can be sough ...
... form arborizations in appropriate regions of the CNS (Murphey, 1985; Kämper and Murphey, 1987). Once there, afferents targeted to the same regions of the CNS compete for postsynaptic partners (Murphey, 1986; Shepherd and Murphey, 1986). As an alternative to scissors and scalpel, mutants can be sough ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... However, underlying left-right asymmetries within neural circuitry and the mechanisms by which they develop are poorly described. Results: In this study, we use focal electroporation to examine the morphology and connectivity of individual neurons of the lateralized habenular nuclei. Habenular proje ...
... However, underlying left-right asymmetries within neural circuitry and the mechanisms by which they develop are poorly described. Results: In this study, we use focal electroporation to examine the morphology and connectivity of individual neurons of the lateralized habenular nuclei. Habenular proje ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... These early anatomical concepts were influenced by lesion experiments in animals and clinical observations in human patients made in the 1930s and 40s. These studies showed that damage to the upper brainstem tegmentum produced coma, suggesting the existence of a neural system in the midbrain and ros ...
... These early anatomical concepts were influenced by lesion experiments in animals and clinical observations in human patients made in the 1930s and 40s. These studies showed that damage to the upper brainstem tegmentum produced coma, suggesting the existence of a neural system in the midbrain and ros ...
Pattern adaptation and cross-orientation interactions in the primary
... The contrast responses measured during adaptation to the ‘blank’ stimulus are indicated by open circles. The contrast response measured from the mean firing rate (Fig. 3A) is typical of V1 cells, being sigmoidal in shape, valued close to zero for very low test contrasts, and almost constant for high ...
... The contrast responses measured during adaptation to the ‘blank’ stimulus are indicated by open circles. The contrast response measured from the mean firing rate (Fig. 3A) is typical of V1 cells, being sigmoidal in shape, valued close to zero for very low test contrasts, and almost constant for high ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in m ...
... tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in m ...
Synaptic function: Dendritic democracy
... These findings indicate that dendrites take an active role in regulating synaptic integration. In addition to the synaptic scaling described here, our recent studies [3] have shown that several voltage-gated channel types are expressed with a somato-dendritic gradient, in a manner that has important ...
... These findings indicate that dendrites take an active role in regulating synaptic integration. In addition to the synaptic scaling described here, our recent studies [3] have shown that several voltage-gated channel types are expressed with a somato-dendritic gradient, in a manner that has important ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... initial characterization of Nf19a–/9a–mice, training consisted of 4 trials per day, divided in two sessions of two trials with a 1 h interval (Figure 1) or two trials per day for LTG-treated mice. At the start of the first session the mice were placed on the platform for 30 s. Then they were placed i ...
... initial characterization of Nf19a–/9a–mice, training consisted of 4 trials per day, divided in two sessions of two trials with a 1 h interval (Figure 1) or two trials per day for LTG-treated mice. At the start of the first session the mice were placed on the platform for 30 s. Then they were placed i ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... through the animal, spinning out the nerve process behind it. This is not the only means by which nerve processes can be lengthened, since change in size and shape of the animal is matched by addition of new material to already existing processes. In many cases most of the length of nerve fibres is ...
... through the animal, spinning out the nerve process behind it. This is not the only means by which nerve processes can be lengthened, since change in size and shape of the animal is matched by addition of new material to already existing processes. In many cases most of the length of nerve fibres is ...
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
... E) magnesium Answer: D Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 15) An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell ________. A) potassium B) sodium C) calcium D) magnesium E) both potassium and sodium Answer: B Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge ...
... E) magnesium Answer: D Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 15) An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell ________. A) potassium B) sodium C) calcium D) magnesium E) both potassium and sodium Answer: B Page Ref: 236 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.