body proportions in infancy and early childhood
... • Over one quarter of the world’s children under age 5 are moderately or severely underweight. • In 2012, 15% of American households experienced food insecurity (lack of consistent access to food). • The most common nutrients missing from infants and toddlers’ diets are iron, zinc, and calcium. Kuth ...
... • Over one quarter of the world’s children under age 5 are moderately or severely underweight. • In 2012, 15% of American households experienced food insecurity (lack of consistent access to food). • The most common nutrients missing from infants and toddlers’ diets are iron, zinc, and calcium. Kuth ...
the resonate-and-fire neuron: time dependent and frequency
... body corresponds to the metabollic center of a neuron, and it gives rise to two types of processes - the dendrites and the axon. The dendrites, commonly referred to as the dendritic tree, serve as the main apparatus through which a neuron receives input signals arising from other nerve cells, or pre ...
... body corresponds to the metabollic center of a neuron, and it gives rise to two types of processes - the dendrites and the axon. The dendrites, commonly referred to as the dendritic tree, serve as the main apparatus through which a neuron receives input signals arising from other nerve cells, or pre ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collateral projections with axons from a single neuron going to both segments of the pallidum and the SNr I° (Fig. 1). The striatum also contains a small number of interneurons. Striatal interneurons can b ...
... neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collateral projections with axons from a single neuron going to both segments of the pallidum and the SNr I° (Fig. 1). The striatum also contains a small number of interneurons. Striatal interneurons can b ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... excitatory and/or indirect inhibitory inputs from descending corticospinal axons. The convergence of these descending inhibitory and excitatory inputs to Clarke’s column neurons established local spinal circuits with the capacity to mark or modulate incoming proprioceptive input. Together, our genet ...
... excitatory and/or indirect inhibitory inputs from descending corticospinal axons. The convergence of these descending inhibitory and excitatory inputs to Clarke’s column neurons established local spinal circuits with the capacity to mark or modulate incoming proprioceptive input. Together, our genet ...
Ophthalmology for Primary Physicians
... of the anterior chamber angle caused by multiple mechanisms, leading to elevated IOP causing a characteristic acquired atrophy of the optic nerve and loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons ...
... of the anterior chamber angle caused by multiple mechanisms, leading to elevated IOP causing a characteristic acquired atrophy of the optic nerve and loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
... Kim and Ebner, 1999). Overall, it remains unknown whether response heterogeneity in neighboring excitatory neurons is related to differences in the ...
... Kim and Ebner, 1999). Overall, it remains unknown whether response heterogeneity in neighboring excitatory neurons is related to differences in the ...
Fig. 1
... when medium was changed to neuronal medium from plating medium (0 h) or 3, 6 or 24 h later (Fig. 2A,B). Neurons were then kept till 3 DIV and stained with axonal (tau-1) and somatodendritic (MAP2) markers. First, we quantified the number of tau-1 positive axons per neuron (Fig. 2D). As expected, most ...
... when medium was changed to neuronal medium from plating medium (0 h) or 3, 6 or 24 h later (Fig. 2A,B). Neurons were then kept till 3 DIV and stained with axonal (tau-1) and somatodendritic (MAP2) markers. First, we quantified the number of tau-1 positive axons per neuron (Fig. 2D). As expected, most ...
Chapter 33 Nervous System
... 33.1 Structure of the Nervous System When a stimulus reaches threshold, channels open in the plasma membrane. Sodium ions are rapidly pumped through these channels causing a temporary change in the electrical charges. More positive charges are now inside the membrane. ...
... 33.1 Structure of the Nervous System When a stimulus reaches threshold, channels open in the plasma membrane. Sodium ions are rapidly pumped through these channels causing a temporary change in the electrical charges. More positive charges are now inside the membrane. ...
Urinary Incontinence in Women
... The most common form of urinary incontinence in women and is particularly common in younger women. Active women are more likely to notice symptoms of stress urinary incontinence. In a survey of 144 collegiate female varsity athletes, 27% reported stress incontinence while participating in their s ...
... The most common form of urinary incontinence in women and is particularly common in younger women. Active women are more likely to notice symptoms of stress urinary incontinence. In a survey of 144 collegiate female varsity athletes, 27% reported stress incontinence while participating in their s ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
... control[6].Catact may be reversible in young diabetics with improvement in metabolic control. The most frequently seen type of cataract in diabetics is the age –related or senile variety, which tends to occur earlier and progresses more rapidly than in nondiabetics[6]. Diabetic patients develop a co ...
... control[6].Catact may be reversible in young diabetics with improvement in metabolic control. The most frequently seen type of cataract in diabetics is the age –related or senile variety, which tends to occur earlier and progresses more rapidly than in nondiabetics[6]. Diabetic patients develop a co ...
Introducing a New Product
... Following injury, distal portion of axon and myelin sheath degenerates Macrophages remove the debris Remaining neurilemma and endoneurium form a tunnel from the point of injury to the effector New Schwann cells grow in the tunnel to maintain a path for regrowth of the axon Mosby items and derived it ...
... Following injury, distal portion of axon and myelin sheath degenerates Macrophages remove the debris Remaining neurilemma and endoneurium form a tunnel from the point of injury to the effector New Schwann cells grow in the tunnel to maintain a path for regrowth of the axon Mosby items and derived it ...
the organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex
... components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repertoire is diverse, different behaviors require different control strategies, a ...
... components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained about specific mechanisms when the motor system is considered in the context of meaningful behavior. The animal’s behavioral repertoire is diverse, different behaviors require different control strategies, a ...
Control of echolocation pulses by neurons of the nucleus ambiguus
... R. Riibsamen and H. Schweizer: Connections of the nucleus ambiguus with glutaraldehyde (0.7 ml [25%] glutaraldehyde/10 ml egg yolk) on a magnetic stirrer (5-7 s). This procedure was performed in a small rectangular embedding chamber that allowed the introduction of markers, and later on, an appropr ...
... R. Riibsamen and H. Schweizer: Connections of the nucleus ambiguus with glutaraldehyde (0.7 ml [25%] glutaraldehyde/10 ml egg yolk) on a magnetic stirrer (5-7 s). This procedure was performed in a small rectangular embedding chamber that allowed the introduction of markers, and later on, an appropr ...
Highwire Regulates Guidance of Sister Axons in the
... other, and occasionally one lobe is nearly absent (Fig. 1 B, asterisk). This unequal distribution of the axonal projections between the ␣ and  lobes was observed in 86% of the hiw⌬N MBs (n ⫽ 70), whereas all the examined WT MBs were normal (n ⫽ 85). This phenotype is also present in a second, genet ...
... other, and occasionally one lobe is nearly absent (Fig. 1 B, asterisk). This unequal distribution of the axonal projections between the ␣ and  lobes was observed in 86% of the hiw⌬N MBs (n ⫽ 70), whereas all the examined WT MBs were normal (n ⫽ 85). This phenotype is also present in a second, genet ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made from functionally identified motoneurons and the synaptic input to these neurons from specific groups of spindle afferent fibers can be elicited by stimulation of individual musclenerves. These synaptic connectionshave beenwell studiedin a number ...
... stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made from functionally identified motoneurons and the synaptic input to these neurons from specific groups of spindle afferent fibers can be elicited by stimulation of individual musclenerves. These synaptic connectionshave beenwell studiedin a number ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... Filtering is done in such a way that the number of cells in which an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object ...
... Filtering is done in such a way that the number of cells in which an object is represented increases with the behavioral importance of the object (parallel processing with differential allocation of resources). More specifically, the probability that a cortical neuron represents a particular object ...
Spasticity after stroke: Physiology, assessment and treatment
... after a stroke, give an overview of related neuroimaging studies as well as a description of the most common scales used to quantify the degree of spasticity and finally explore which treatments are currently being used to treat this disorder. Results: The lack of consensus is highlighted on the bas ...
... after a stroke, give an overview of related neuroimaging studies as well as a description of the most common scales used to quantify the degree of spasticity and finally explore which treatments are currently being used to treat this disorder. Results: The lack of consensus is highlighted on the bas ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... By definition they are intentional—they are initiated by an internal decision to act—whereas reflexes are automatically triggered by external stimuli. Even when a voluntary action is directed toward an object, such as reaching for a cup, the cause of action is not the object but an internal decision ...
... By definition they are intentional—they are initiated by an internal decision to act—whereas reflexes are automatically triggered by external stimuli. Even when a voluntary action is directed toward an object, such as reaching for a cup, the cause of action is not the object but an internal decision ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... The transmission of sensory information from the periphery to the nervous system is modulated both at the level of primary sensory afferents (Brooke et al. 1997; Gu and MacDermott 1997; Hill et al. 1997; Passaglia et al. 1998; Pasztor and Macmillan 1990) and at various stages of processing in the CN ...
... The transmission of sensory information from the periphery to the nervous system is modulated both at the level of primary sensory afferents (Brooke et al. 1997; Gu and MacDermott 1997; Hill et al. 1997; Passaglia et al. 1998; Pasztor and Macmillan 1990) and at various stages of processing in the CN ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... The hypothalamus is what the circle of Willis encircles. The internal carotid artery runs through the cavernous sinus, which is just below the hypothalamus, and the site of its venous drainage. As the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus, it ends in the middle cerebral artery lat ...
... The hypothalamus is what the circle of Willis encircles. The internal carotid artery runs through the cavernous sinus, which is just below the hypothalamus, and the site of its venous drainage. As the internal carotid artery emerges from the cavernous sinus, it ends in the middle cerebral artery lat ...
Autonomic nervous system
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
Supraspinal control of ejaculation
... Percentage of galanin cells that were Fos-ir after Home Cage, Anestrous Female, Mounts, M+I, 1 Ejac., 2 Ejacs ...
... Percentage of galanin cells that were Fos-ir after Home Cage, Anestrous Female, Mounts, M+I, 1 Ejac., 2 Ejacs ...
Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... antidromic activation of mossy fibers, we blocked the mossy fiber transmission ventral to the stimulation electrode in two animals. If the CS information is transmitted via the mossy fibers, this should abolish responses to the forelimb CS but leave responses to MCP stimulation unaffected. A micropi ...
... antidromic activation of mossy fibers, we blocked the mossy fiber transmission ventral to the stimulation electrode in two animals. If the CS information is transmitted via the mossy fibers, this should abolish responses to the forelimb CS but leave responses to MCP stimulation unaffected. A micropi ...
Autonomic nervous system
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
... other organ systems Disorders are numerous and often difficult to diagnose and treat © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwar ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.