THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
... consistency over time (for example, always rewarding, recently more rewarding, usually rewarding but not as much recently, and so on). Given the diversity of these aspects of reward, it is perhaps not surprising that learning about reward engages multiple neural systems. ...
... consistency over time (for example, always rewarding, recently more rewarding, usually rewarding but not as much recently, and so on). Given the diversity of these aspects of reward, it is perhaps not surprising that learning about reward engages multiple neural systems. ...
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... 2011, this updated connectivity dataset had been obtained before, and employed for example, in [4]. This refined dataset together with two-dimensional spatial locations of the C. elegans neurons in the animal’s body from [5–7] have been used in the present article. Similarly to previous works [4, 5, ...
... 2011, this updated connectivity dataset had been obtained before, and employed for example, in [4]. This refined dataset together with two-dimensional spatial locations of the C. elegans neurons in the animal’s body from [5–7] have been used in the present article. Similarly to previous works [4, 5, ...
The Formation of Terminal Fields in the Absence of Competitive
... cones follow a common pathway out of the spinal cord, and their axons are closely associated until they reach the horizontal septum, where they then proceed along divergent paths. By labeling individual CaP and RoP motoneurons with long-lasting vital fluorescent dyes, we were able to observe them di ...
... cones follow a common pathway out of the spinal cord, and their axons are closely associated until they reach the horizontal septum, where they then proceed along divergent paths. By labeling individual CaP and RoP motoneurons with long-lasting vital fluorescent dyes, we were able to observe them di ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... hippocampal neurons. At this concentration, linopirdine exerts only small effects, if at all, on other slow K ⫹ currents (see below) and has no detectable effects on persistent Na ⫹ current (INaP) in CA1 hippocampal cells (D. Sochivko, V. Belzer, and Y. Yaari, unpublished observations). Adding 10 M ...
... hippocampal neurons. At this concentration, linopirdine exerts only small effects, if at all, on other slow K ⫹ currents (see below) and has no detectable effects on persistent Na ⫹ current (INaP) in CA1 hippocampal cells (D. Sochivko, V. Belzer, and Y. Yaari, unpublished observations). Adding 10 M ...
the amygdala and reward
... consistency over time (for example, always rewarding, recently more rewarding, usually rewarding but not as much recently, and so on). Given the diversity of these aspects of reward, it is perhaps not surprising that learning about reward engages multiple neural systems. ...
... consistency over time (for example, always rewarding, recently more rewarding, usually rewarding but not as much recently, and so on). Given the diversity of these aspects of reward, it is perhaps not surprising that learning about reward engages multiple neural systems. ...
NUCLEI-SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO PAIN IN THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE By
... agglutinin tracer driven by the Nav1.8 sodium channel gene. This type of channel is expressed exclusively on non-peptidergic C-fibres (Julius & McCleskey, 2006). Because the tracer was expressed only in non-peptidergic C-fibres and was able to transmit across synapses, Braz and colleagues (2005) wer ...
... agglutinin tracer driven by the Nav1.8 sodium channel gene. This type of channel is expressed exclusively on non-peptidergic C-fibres (Julius & McCleskey, 2006). Because the tracer was expressed only in non-peptidergic C-fibres and was able to transmit across synapses, Braz and colleagues (2005) wer ...
Functional Properties of Parietal Visual Neurons: Mechanisms of
... Testing and identification of neurons. Once the action potential of a cortical neuron was isolated and recording appeared stable, a test run was begun. It consisted of visual stimuli moving in randomly sequenced trials in each of 8 directions at 60” or 90Vsec along meridians 100” long, evenly distri ...
... Testing and identification of neurons. Once the action potential of a cortical neuron was isolated and recording appeared stable, a test run was begun. It consisted of visual stimuli moving in randomly sequenced trials in each of 8 directions at 60” or 90Vsec along meridians 100” long, evenly distri ...
Forward Processing of Long-Term Associative Memory in Monkey
... Figure 2. Stimulus-selective responses to both paired associates of two representative A36 neurons (A and B for one neuron; C and D for the other neuron). A, C, Raster displays and PSTHs in the optimal (optimal, thick black line) and pair ( pair, thick gray line) trials. The trials were aligned at t ...
... Figure 2. Stimulus-selective responses to both paired associates of two representative A36 neurons (A and B for one neuron; C and D for the other neuron). A, C, Raster displays and PSTHs in the optimal (optimal, thick black line) and pair ( pair, thick gray line) trials. The trials were aligned at t ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... inhibitory units are not represented separately (Amit 1988). Dynamics of the mathematical representation used here were first studied by Wilson and Cowan (1972, 1973). This type of representation was used to study the dynamics of cortical networks including piriform cortex (Hasselmo and Linster 1998 ...
... inhibitory units are not represented separately (Amit 1988). Dynamics of the mathematical representation used here were first studied by Wilson and Cowan (1972, 1973). This type of representation was used to study the dynamics of cortical networks including piriform cortex (Hasselmo and Linster 1998 ...
Transitional Probabilities Are Prioritized over Stimulus/Pattern
... were online referenced to the average of all electrodes, then offline rereferenced to the nose lead. Vertical and horizontal eye movements were monitored by bipolarly recording the EOG from two pairs of electrodes: one pair placed above and below the right eye and the other attached lateral to the o ...
... were online referenced to the average of all electrodes, then offline rereferenced to the nose lead. Vertical and horizontal eye movements were monitored by bipolarly recording the EOG from two pairs of electrodes: one pair placed above and below the right eye and the other attached lateral to the o ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... the compression of lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots on vascular and neural anatomy, cortical evoked potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiological and morphological analyses have been performed. ...
... the compression of lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots on vascular and neural anatomy, cortical evoked potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiological and morphological analyses have been performed. ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
Fulltext - Jultika
... Sensory systems are considered to be optimized for their ecological niche. In vision this means highly organised regular structure and function, where nearly identical photoreceptors have graded light responses in order to be able to handle as much information as possible. Instead, cockroach compoun ...
... Sensory systems are considered to be optimized for their ecological niche. In vision this means highly organised regular structure and function, where nearly identical photoreceptors have graded light responses in order to be able to handle as much information as possible. Instead, cockroach compoun ...
Chapter 3 Overlapping circuits for relative value and selective
... condition. In the two-curve condition, the average MIRew was 0.23, which was significantly larger than the value of 0.05 in the one-curve condition (paired t-test, p<10-6 for both monkeys). The MIRew in the one curve condition was nevertheless significantly larger than zero (sign-test, p<10-5 for mo ...
... condition. In the two-curve condition, the average MIRew was 0.23, which was significantly larger than the value of 0.05 in the one-curve condition (paired t-test, p<10-6 for both monkeys). The MIRew in the one curve condition was nevertheless significantly larger than zero (sign-test, p<10-5 for mo ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1)17–19,43–45. Here, we describe the normalization model for a population of V1 neurons differing in preference for stimulus position and orientation. This characterization of the responses of neural populations46–48 encompasses previous descriptions of single ...
... neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1)17–19,43–45. Here, we describe the normalization model for a population of V1 neurons differing in preference for stimulus position and orientation. This characterization of the responses of neural populations46–48 encompasses previous descriptions of single ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. 4). There was a significant interaction between stimulation in ...
... inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. 4). There was a significant interaction between stimulation in ...
Effects on the central and peripheral nervous activity in rats elicited
... ABSTRACT: Adult male Wistar rats were treated with inorganic lead, mercury and manganese, and their double combinations, in acute application. The aim was to study the effects on spontaneous and stimulus-evoked cortical, and evoked peripheral, nervous activity, to detect any interaction of the metal ...
... ABSTRACT: Adult male Wistar rats were treated with inorganic lead, mercury and manganese, and their double combinations, in acute application. The aim was to study the effects on spontaneous and stimulus-evoked cortical, and evoked peripheral, nervous activity, to detect any interaction of the metal ...
Optic neuritis
... • Occasionally Uhthoff's sign (visual deficit with exercise or increase in body temperature). • Pupil: relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). ...
... • Occasionally Uhthoff's sign (visual deficit with exercise or increase in body temperature). • Pupil: relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... 6), the cortical portion comprised behind the arcuate sulcus and below the spur (Figure 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they define ...
... 6), the cortical portion comprised behind the arcuate sulcus and below the spur (Figure 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they define ...
kidney 4
... • Increase RPF maintain normal plasma oncotic pressure and filtration equilibrium is achieved too late helps GFR. • Decrease RPF elevates plasma oncotic pressure decrease GFR. ...
... • Increase RPF maintain normal plasma oncotic pressure and filtration equilibrium is achieved too late helps GFR. • Decrease RPF elevates plasma oncotic pressure decrease GFR. ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... extend subcortically by passing through an axonal pathway, termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of the internal capsule and extend into its cont ...
... extend subcortically by passing through an axonal pathway, termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of the internal capsule and extend into its cont ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... (Figure 1). Vestibular nucleus neurons contribute to a variety of circuits that are responsible for initiating compensatory movements of the eyes, head and body [1,2] in addition to providing information about head direction to forebrain circuits [3,4] and for signaling postural changes to the auton ...
... (Figure 1). Vestibular nucleus neurons contribute to a variety of circuits that are responsible for initiating compensatory movements of the eyes, head and body [1,2] in addition to providing information about head direction to forebrain circuits [3,4] and for signaling postural changes to the auton ...
A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric
... k (q k − q k ) does not fulfill condition 5. Taking into account that the q vectors are normalized (see equation 1.1), the √ maximum value of the Euclidean distance between two stimuli is 2. It can be attained, for example, for (q1 )t = (1, 0, 0, 0) and (q2 )t = (0, 1, 0, 0). In this example, in fac ...
... k (q k − q k ) does not fulfill condition 5. Taking into account that the q vectors are normalized (see equation 1.1), the √ maximum value of the Euclidean distance between two stimuli is 2. It can be attained, for example, for (q1 )t = (1, 0, 0, 0) and (q2 )t = (0, 1, 0, 0). In this example, in fac ...
Pain
... Slow pain and C fibres C fibres synapse on cells in the spinal cord Relays to a midline nucleus in the thalamus and to the limbic system responsible for motivational and emotional aspects of pain Those connections are important for the interpretation of pain. ...
... Slow pain and C fibres C fibres synapse on cells in the spinal cord Relays to a midline nucleus in the thalamus and to the limbic system responsible for motivational and emotional aspects of pain Those connections are important for the interpretation of pain. ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.