Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence
... position shift on the retina (Fig. 1b). For an inclined surface, with a linear disparity gradient, the two image patches are also compressed and/ or rotated with respect to one another; that is, they differ in spatial frequency and/or orientation (Fig. 1c). Higher-order changes in disparity, such as ...
... position shift on the retina (Fig. 1b). For an inclined surface, with a linear disparity gradient, the two image patches are also compressed and/ or rotated with respect to one another; that is, they differ in spatial frequency and/or orientation (Fig. 1c). Higher-order changes in disparity, such as ...
PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN
... nociceptors in the skin have been sensitized as a result of reducing the threshold of the silent nociceptors. Another explanation of allodynia is that when peripheral neurons are damaged, structural changes occur and the damaged neurons reroute and make connection also to sensory receptors (i.e., to ...
... nociceptors in the skin have been sensitized as a result of reducing the threshold of the silent nociceptors. Another explanation of allodynia is that when peripheral neurons are damaged, structural changes occur and the damaged neurons reroute and make connection also to sensory receptors (i.e., to ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... placement of the stimulation electrodes. Scale bars are 100 m. A3: hilus (H) of the hippocampus. o, region where images were acquired. 夹, the placement of electrode. DG, dentate gyrus. B: electrical stimulation (100 Hz for 5 s) evoked rapid release of Zn2⫹ from neuronal terminals measured by change ...
... placement of the stimulation electrodes. Scale bars are 100 m. A3: hilus (H) of the hippocampus. o, region where images were acquired. 夹, the placement of electrode. DG, dentate gyrus. B: electrical stimulation (100 Hz for 5 s) evoked rapid release of Zn2⫹ from neuronal terminals measured by change ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
... difference was equal to 5% of the maximum. The time of this point was defined as the response latency. Thus, latencies were the times of 5% rise to the peak response difference. This is the same method that we used previously (Bair et al., 2002). We compared our method with one that chooses the late ...
... difference was equal to 5% of the maximum. The time of this point was defined as the response latency. Thus, latencies were the times of 5% rise to the peak response difference. This is the same method that we used previously (Bair et al., 2002). We compared our method with one that chooses the late ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... on the soma) (Rall 1964; see below, and see also Figure 6). Parallel processing and local computations. Synaptic inputs onto dendrites do not only inject current but also locally change the membrane conductance to certain ions. This leads to a nonlinear interaction between multiple inputs if they co ...
... on the soma) (Rall 1964; see below, and see also Figure 6). Parallel processing and local computations. Synaptic inputs onto dendrites do not only inject current but also locally change the membrane conductance to certain ions. This leads to a nonlinear interaction between multiple inputs if they co ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs). These neurons lie at the interface between the CSF and spinal interneurons controlling motor output and represent an interesting yet poorly understood sensorimotor loop in the vertebrate spinal cord. Recent studies have revealed that CSF-cNs are responsive to pH v ...
... fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs). These neurons lie at the interface between the CSF and spinal interneurons controlling motor output and represent an interesting yet poorly understood sensorimotor loop in the vertebrate spinal cord. Recent studies have revealed that CSF-cNs are responsive to pH v ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... using the rat IMG as a model of synaptic transmission to test the hypothesis that the safety factor (i.e., the tendency for a preganglionic action potential to evoke an action potential in a postganglionic neuron) is increased in DOCA-salt HT. Intracellular recordings of IMG neurons with concurrent ...
... using the rat IMG as a model of synaptic transmission to test the hypothesis that the safety factor (i.e., the tendency for a preganglionic action potential to evoke an action potential in a postganglionic neuron) is increased in DOCA-salt HT. Intracellular recordings of IMG neurons with concurrent ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
Anatomy & Physiology I
... تغییرات در حرارت:اخذه های حروری ) صدمات کیمیاوی و فزیکی انساج (درد:nocireceptor دریافت نور که ریتینا را تحریک میکند:اخذه های نور بینی (بوی) و مایعات عضویت،) مواد کیمیاوی در دهن (ذایقه:اخذه های کیمیاوی فشاراسموتیک مایعات بدن:اخذه های اسموتیک ...
... تغییرات در حرارت:اخذه های حروری ) صدمات کیمیاوی و فزیکی انساج (درد:nocireceptor دریافت نور که ریتینا را تحریک میکند:اخذه های نور بینی (بوی) و مایعات عضویت،) مواد کیمیاوی در دهن (ذایقه:اخذه های کیمیاوی فشاراسموتیک مایعات بدن:اخذه های اسموتیک ...
Congenital anomalies upper extremity
... A frequent cause is flexor tenosynovitis; other causes are fractures and dislocations of the floor of the canal and distal radius, and other space-occupying lesions such as tumors and ganglia. These space-occupying lesions increase the volume of the contents of the noncompliant carpal tunnel, raisin ...
... A frequent cause is flexor tenosynovitis; other causes are fractures and dislocations of the floor of the canal and distal radius, and other space-occupying lesions such as tumors and ganglia. These space-occupying lesions increase the volume of the contents of the noncompliant carpal tunnel, raisin ...
New Treatment Approaches in Tinnitus: The Place of Repetitive
... of these effects may last from minutes to hours. In the current studies, there are articles suggesting that these neural changes in tDCS-applied patients can be observed not only in the short run after the application but also in the long run (29). In the literature, some of the very seldom and mild ...
... of these effects may last from minutes to hours. In the current studies, there are articles suggesting that these neural changes in tDCS-applied patients can be observed not only in the short run after the application but also in the long run (29). In the literature, some of the very seldom and mild ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... projections from temporal auditory, visual, and polymodal association cortices. Population analysis and serial EM reconstruction revealed two distinct classes of corticoreticular terminals synapsing with GABA/parvalbumin-positive dendritic shafts of TRN neurons. Most labeled boutons from prefrontal ...
... projections from temporal auditory, visual, and polymodal association cortices. Population analysis and serial EM reconstruction revealed two distinct classes of corticoreticular terminals synapsing with GABA/parvalbumin-positive dendritic shafts of TRN neurons. Most labeled boutons from prefrontal ...
10-Sensation of Taste lecture
... Taste Pathway Taste information is send to the CNS by the crainial nerves # 7, 9 and 10 the taste nucleus (n. tractus solitarius) thalamus insular cortex ...
... Taste Pathway Taste information is send to the CNS by the crainial nerves # 7, 9 and 10 the taste nucleus (n. tractus solitarius) thalamus insular cortex ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
... and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (ii) the low-contrast summation RF (sRFlow; area inside solid black circle) are measured by presenting high- or low-contrast grating patches, respectively, of increasing radius, an ...
... and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (ii) the low-contrast summation RF (sRFlow; area inside solid black circle) are measured by presenting high- or low-contrast grating patches, respectively, of increasing radius, an ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... D Abstract- This theoretical paper describes the "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decreas ...
... D Abstract- This theoretical paper describes the "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decreas ...
RITE Answers 2007
... Anesthesia over the perineal area ("saddle anesthesia") in conjuction with loss of sphincter tone and erectile dysfunction can be caused by a lesion of the lower cauda equina or the conus medularis. The region of sensory abnormality is in the S2 to S5 dermatomes. There is no weakness noted indicatin ...
... Anesthesia over the perineal area ("saddle anesthesia") in conjuction with loss of sphincter tone and erectile dysfunction can be caused by a lesion of the lower cauda equina or the conus medularis. The region of sensory abnormality is in the S2 to S5 dermatomes. There is no weakness noted indicatin ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... when neurons were treated with 30 nM 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime (Figures 2A and S3A). Numbers of secondary and tertiary axons were increased, but the length of the longest axon was decreased at this concentration (Figure 2B). At 100 and 300 nM concentrations of 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime, co ...
... when neurons were treated with 30 nM 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime (Figures 2A and S3A). Numbers of secondary and tertiary axons were increased, but the length of the longest axon was decreased at this concentration (Figure 2B). At 100 and 300 nM concentrations of 6-bromoindirubin-30 -acetoxime, co ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel
... (2) Background K+ channels are not voltage-gated and play an essential role in the setting of the neuronal resting membrane potential and input resistance. Anandamide is a direct and selective blocker of the background K+ channel TASK-1 [42]. TASK-1 channels set the resting membrane potential of bot ...
... (2) Background K+ channels are not voltage-gated and play an essential role in the setting of the neuronal resting membrane potential and input resistance. Anandamide is a direct and selective blocker of the background K+ channel TASK-1 [42]. TASK-1 channels set the resting membrane potential of bot ...
Convergence, Divergence, Pupillary Reactions and
... cm. The reader is referred to a paper by Johnson (’35) for a n explanation of the principles underlying retinoscopy. Since it was not practical to measure accommodation employing retinoscopy by interposing lenses between the eye of the observer and the eye of the monkey during an experiment the foll ...
... cm. The reader is referred to a paper by Johnson (’35) for a n explanation of the principles underlying retinoscopy. Since it was not practical to measure accommodation employing retinoscopy by interposing lenses between the eye of the observer and the eye of the monkey during an experiment the foll ...
Ear manipulations help model neuroplasticity limitations
... 2) Can inner ear afferents find their targets in the hindbrain if they enter through a different cranial nerve or enter into a foreign territory? 3) What mechanisms do inner ear afferents use to find their targets in the hindbrain? 4) How will alteration of afferent input, either by ear removal or a ...
... 2) Can inner ear afferents find their targets in the hindbrain if they enter through a different cranial nerve or enter into a foreign territory? 3) What mechanisms do inner ear afferents use to find their targets in the hindbrain? 4) How will alteration of afferent input, either by ear removal or a ...
Flint_Chapter 163_main.indd
... extraocular muscle contraction and relaxation needed for the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), which stabilizes gaze (eye position in space). Other secondary vestibular neurons synapse on cervical spinal motor neurons to generate the vestibulocolic reflex (VCR), or to lower spinal motor neurons to gener ...
... extraocular muscle contraction and relaxation needed for the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), which stabilizes gaze (eye position in space). Other secondary vestibular neurons synapse on cervical spinal motor neurons to generate the vestibulocolic reflex (VCR), or to lower spinal motor neurons to gener ...
Rheobase
Rheobase is a measure of membrane excitability. In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of infinite duration (in a practical sense, about 300 milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached, such as an action potential or the contraction of a muscle. In Greek, the root ""rhe"" translates to current or flow, and ""basi"" means bottom or foundation: thus the rheobase is the minimum current that will produce an action potential or muscle contraction.Rheobase can be best understood in the context of the strength-duration relationship (Fig. 1). The ease with which a membrane can be stimulated depends on two variables: the strength of the stimulus, and the duration for which the stimulus is applied. These variables are inversely related: as the strength of the applied current increases, the time required to stimulate the membrane decreases (and vice versa) to maintain a constant effect. Mathematically, rheobase is equivalent to half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie, which is a strength-duration time constant that corresponds to the duration of time that elicits a response when the nerve is stimulated at twice rheobasic strength.The strength-duration curve was first discovered by G. Weiss in 1901, but it was not until 1909 that Louis Lapicque coined the term ""rheobase"". Many studies are being conducted in relation to rheobase values and the dynamic changes throughout maturation and between different nerve fibers. In the past strength-duration curves and rheobase determinations were used to assess nerve injury; today, they play a role in clinical identification of many neurological pathologies, including as Diabetic neuropathy, CIDP, Machado-Joseph Disease, and ALS.